Abstract
Rice is the second staple food crop after wheat in Egypt. White tip disease of rice leaves induced by the rice leaf nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi (Christie, 1942), is widespread nearly in all rice ecosystems all over the world, causing remarkable yield reduction to susceptible cultivars. The losses reach to 47% in Egyptian rice Reiho cultivar. Rice seeds are known as the main source of the disease. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of seed priming on white tip nematode infection in rice and seed-borne fungi at different plant growth stages. Severely-infected Reiho rice seeds were primed for 48 hr in solutions of NaCl, CaCl2, Na2CO3, MgSO4, CuSO4 and micronized sulfur, separately or in mixtures of two salts except for the sulfur treatment. The primed seeds and the corresponding control non-primed counterparts were then rinsed for three times using tap water and incubated at 30oC to asses the germination percentage, which ranged between 96 to 100% with no significant difference between the primed and non-primed seed treatments. In the lab testing, the maximum seedling vigor index and root / shoot ratio were obtained using seedlings raised from seeds primed with 5 g/L solutions of sulfur (80%WP) followed by sulfur + CaCl2, NaCl and CuSO4. At nursery level, root/shoot ratio increased with all primed seed treatments except with those treated with NaCl solution. Two field experiments were conducted during the 2007and 2008 rice growing seasons. All seed priming treatments significantly enhanced most of the agronomic traits and increased yield in comparison with the non-primed infected or healthy seeds. Soaking in sulfur solution at the concentration of 5g/L and its combinations with the other salts at half dose of each gave the highest mortality of white tip nematode, lowest percentage of white tip infection, and least disease severity. Sulfur and NaCl is then proved to be the most effective priming mixture that can reduce white tip nematode infection. For seed-borne fungi, the treatment with CaCl2 alone or in its all combinations has positive effects in elimination of the Fusarium Moniliforme, Helminthosporium oryzae and Alternaria padwickii in comparison with the water treatment control. CaCl2 completely eradiated F. moniliforme. Seed treatment with mixtures of salts reduced the fungal growth more than did one salt alone. Generally, all seeds primed with salts showed lower levels of infection with F. moniliforme comparing with the control. The treatment with CuSO4 solution at 1.5g/L gave complete protection from seed-borne fungi
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Germination ranged from 96 to 100% without a significant difference between primed and non-primed rice seeds.
- Taxon
- RICE
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- primede0
- Outcome
- germination percentagee0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
- Value
- 96 to 100%e0
- Comparator
- non-primed seed treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“germination percentage, which ranged between 96 to 100% with no significant difference between the primed and non-primed seed treatments”
t0“RICE YIELD”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur priming gave the maximum seedling vigor index and root/shoot ratio in laboratory tests.
- Taxon
- RICEOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 5 g/L solutions of sulfur (80%WP)e0
- Outcome
- seedling vigor index and root / shoot ratioe0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the lab testing, the maximum seedling vigor index and root / shoot ratio were obtained using seedlings raised from seeds primed with 5 g/L solutions of sulfur (80%WP) followed by sulfur + CaCl2, NaCl and CuSO4”
t0“RICE YIELD”
Claim · model-written summary
At nursery level, all priming treatments except NaCl increased root/shoot ratio.
- Taxon
- RICEOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- all primed seed treatmentse0
- Outcome
- root/shoot ratioe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- except with those treated with NaCl solutione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At nursery level, root/shoot ratio increased with all primed seed treatments except with those treated with NaCl solution”
t0“RICE YIELD”
Claim · model-written summary
All seed priming treatments significantly enhanced most agronomic traits.
- Taxon
- RICEOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- All seed priming treatmentse0
- Outcome
- most of the agronomic traitse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- non-primed infected or healthy seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All seed priming treatments significantly enhanced most of the agronomic traits and increased yield in comparison with the non-primed infected or healthy seeds”
t0“RICE YIELD”
Claim · model-written summary
All seed priming treatments increased rice yield relative to non-primed seeds.
- Taxon
- RICEOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- All seed priming treatmentse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- non-primed infected or healthy seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All seed priming treatments significantly enhanced most of the agronomic traits and increased yield in comparison with the non-primed infected or healthy seeds”
t0“RICE YIELD”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur soaking and combinations with other salts gave the highest white tip nematode mortality.
- Taxon
- RICEOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- sulfur solution at the concentration of 5g/Le0
- Interactor
- white tip nematodee0pest
- Outcome
- mortality of white tip nematodee0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soaking in sulfur solution at the concentration of 5g/L and its combinations with the other salts at half dose of each gave the highest mortality of white tip nematode, lowest percentage of white tip infection, and least disease severity”
t0“RICE YIELD”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur soaking and salt combinations gave the lowest white tip infection percentage and disease severity.
- Taxon
- RICEOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- sulfur solution at the concentration of 5g/Le0
- Interactor
- white tip nematodee0pest
- Outcome
- percentage of white tip infection, and least disease severitye0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soaking in sulfur solution at the concentration of 5g/L and its combinations with the other salts at half dose of each gave the highest mortality of white tip nematode, lowest percentage of white tip infection, and least disease severity”
t0“RICE YIELD”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur and NaCl was identified as the most effective priming mixture for reducing white tip nematode infection.
- Taxon
- RICEOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Sulfur and NaCle0
- Interactor
- white tip nematodee0pest
- Outcome
- most effective priming mixture that can reduce white tip nematode infectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfur and NaCl is then proved to be the most effective priming mixture that can reduce white tip nematode infection”
t0“RICE YIELD”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl2 treatments eliminated Fusarium Moniliforme more than the water control.
- Taxon
- RICEOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CaCl2 alone or in its all combinationse0
- Interactor
- Fusarium Moniliforme
Fusarium verticillioidese0pathogen - Outcome
- elimination of the Fusarium Moniliformee0
- Direction
- positive effectse0
- Comparator
- water treatment controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment with CaCl2 alone or in its all combinations has positive effects in elimination of the Fusarium Moniliforme, Helminthosporium oryzae and Alternaria padwickii in comparison with the water treatment control”
t0“RICE YIELD”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl2 treatments improved elimination of Helminthosporium oryzae relative to water.
- Taxon
- RICEOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CaCl2 alone or in its all combinationse0
- Interactor
- Helminthosporium oryzae
Bipolaris oryzaee0pathogen - Outcome
- elimination of the Fusarium Moniliforme, Helminthosporium oryzaee0
- Direction
- positive effectse0
- Comparator
- water treatment controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment with CaCl2 alone or in its all combinations has positive effects in elimination of the Fusarium Moniliforme, Helminthosporium oryzae and Alternaria padwickii in comparison with the water treatment control”
t0“RICE YIELD”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl2 treatments improved elimination of Alternaria padwickii relative to water.
- Taxon
- RICEOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CaCl2 alone or in its all combinationse0
- Interactor
- Alternaria padwickii
Alternaria padwickiie0pathogen - Outcome
- Alternaria padwickiie0
- Direction
- positive effectse0
- Comparator
- water treatment controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment with CaCl2 alone or in its all combinations has positive effects in elimination of the Fusarium Moniliforme, Helminthosporium oryzae and Alternaria padwickii in comparison with the water treatment control”
t0“RICE YIELD”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl2 completely eradicated F. moniliforme.
- Taxon
- RICEOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CaCl2e0
- Interactor
- F. moniliformeFusarium verticillioidese0pathogen
- Outcome
- F. moniliformee0
- Direction
- completely eradiatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CaCl2 completely eradiated F. moniliforme”
t0“RICE YIELD”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt mixtures reduced fungal growth more than single salts.
- Taxon
- RICEOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- mixtures of saltse0
- Outcome
- fungal growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- one salt alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed treatment with mixtures of salts reduced the fungal growth more than did one salt alone”
t0“RICE YIELD”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-primed seeds had lower F. moniliforme infection than controls.
- Taxon
- RICEOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- seeds primed with saltse0
- Interactor
- F. moniliformeFusarium verticillioidese0pathogen
- Outcome
- infection with F. moniliformee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all seeds primed with salts showed lower levels of infection with F. moniliforme comparing with the control”
t0“RICE YIELD”
Claim · model-written summary
CuSO4 at 1.5g/L gave complete protection from seed-borne fungi.
- Taxon
- RICEOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CuSO4 solution at 1.5g/Le0
- Outcome
- seed-borne fungie0
- Direction
- complete protectione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The treatment with CuSO4 solution at 1.5g/L gave complete protection from seed-borne fungi”
t0“RICE YIELD”
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