Abstract
Salinity reduces agricultural productivity majorly by inhibiting seed germination. Exogenous salicylic acid (SA) can prevent the harm caused to rice by salinity, but the mechanisms by which it promotes rice seed germination under salt stress are unclear. In this study, the inhibition of germination in salt-sensitive Nipponbare under salt stress was greater than that in salt-tolerant Huaidao 5. Treatment with exogenous SA significantly improved germination of Nipponbare, but had little effect on Huaidao 5. The effects of exogenous SA on ion balance, metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hormone homeostasis, starch hydrolysis, and other physiological processes involved in seed germination of rice under salt stress were investigated. Under salt stress, Na+ content and the Na+/K+ ratio in rice seeds increased sharply. Seeds were subjected to ion pressure, which led to massive accumulation of H2O2, O2−, and malonaldehyde (MDA); imbalanced endogenous hormone homeostasis; decreased gibberellic acid (GA1 and GA4) content; increased abscisic acid (ABA) content; inhibition of α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) activity; and slowed starch hydrolysis rate, all which eventually led to the inhibition of the germination of rice seeds. Exogenous SA could effectively enhance the expression of OsHKT1;1, OsHKT1;5, OsHKT2;1 and OsSOS1 to reduce the absorption of Na+ by seeds; reduce the Na+/K+ ratio; improve the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT; reduce the accumulation of H2O2, O2−, and MDA; enhance the expression of the GA biosynthetic genes OsGA20ox1 and OsGA3ox2; inhibit the expression of the ABA biosynthetic gene OsNCED5; increase GA1 and GA4 content; reduce ABA content; improve α-amylase activity, and increase the content of soluble sugars. In summary, exogenous SA can alleviate ion toxicity by reducing Na+ content, thereby helping to maintain ROS and hormone homeostasis, promote starch hydrolysis, and provide sufficient energy for seed germination, all of which ultimately improves rice seed germination under salt stress. This study presents a feasible means for improving the germination of direct-seeded rice in saline soil.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress inhibited germination more in Nipponbare than Huaidao 5.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Material
- Nipponbaree0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- inhibition of germinatione0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- Huaidao 5e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the inhibition of germination in salt-sensitive Nipponbare under salt stress was greater than that in salt-tolerant Huaidao 5”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous SA significantly improved Nipponbare germination.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Nipponbaree0
- Treatment
- exogenous SAe0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with exogenous SA significantly improved germination of Nipponbare”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous SA had little effect on Huaidao 5 germination.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Huaidao 5e0
- Treatment
- exogenous SAt0
- Outcome
- little effect on Huaidao 5e0
- Direction
- little effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but had little effect on Huaidao 5”
t0“Exogenous SA Affects Rice Seed Germination under Salt Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased seed Na+ content and the Na+/K+ ratio.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- Na+ content and the Na+/K+ ratioe0
- Direction
- increased sharplye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under salt stress, Na+ content and the Na+/K+ ratio in rice seeds increased sharply”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress caused accumulation of H2O2, O2−, and MDA in seeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- Seedse0
- Outcome
- massive accumulation of H2O2, O2−, and malonaldehyde (MDA)e0
- Qualifier
- ion pressuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seeds were subjected to ion pressure, which led to massive accumulation of H2O2, O2−, and malonaldehyde (MDA)”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress disrupted endogenous hormone homeostasis.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- imbalanced endogenous hormone homeostasise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“imbalanced endogenous hormone homeostasis”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced GA1 and GA4 content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- gibberellic acid (GA1 and GA4) contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased gibberellic acid (GA1 and GA4) content”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased ABA content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- abscisic acid (ABA) contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased abscisic acid (ABA) content”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress inhibited α-amylase activity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1)e0
- Outcome
- α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) activitye0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inhibition of α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) activity”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress slowed starch hydrolysis.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- starch hydrolysis ratee0
- Direction
- slowede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“slowed starch hydrolysis rate”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SA enhanced expression of OsHKT1;1, OsHKT1;5, OsHKT2;1 and OsSOS1, reducing seed Na+ absorption.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous SAe0
- Gene
- OsHKT1;1, OsHKT1;5, OsHKT2;1 and OsSOS1e0
- Outcome
- absorption of Na+ by seedse0
- Direction
- reducee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous SA could effectively enhance the expression of OsHKT1;1, OsHKT1;5, OsHKT2;1 and OsSOS1 to reduce the absorption of Na+ by seeds”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SA reduced the seed Na+/K+ ratio.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous SAt0
- Outcome
- Na+/K+ ratioe0
- Direction
- reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduce the Na+/K+ ratio”
t0“Exogenous SA Affects Rice Seed Germination under Salt Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
SA improved SOD, POD, and CAT activities.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous SAt0
- Outcome
- activities of SOD, POD, and CATe0
- Direction
- improvee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improve the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT”
t0“Exogenous SA Affects Rice Seed Germination under Salt Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
SA reduced H2O2, O2−, and MDA accumulation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous SAt0
- Outcome
- accumulation of H2O2, O2−, and MDAe0
- Direction
- reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduce the accumulation of H2O2, O2−, and MDA”
t0“Exogenous SA Affects Rice Seed Germination under Salt Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
SA enhanced OsGA20ox1 and OsGA3ox2 expression.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous SAt0
- Gene
- OsGA20ox1 and OsGA3ox2e0
- Outcome
- expression of the GA biosynthetic genes OsGA20ox1 and OsGA3ox2e0
- Direction
- enhancee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhance the expression of the GA biosynthetic genes OsGA20ox1 and OsGA3ox2”
t0“Exogenous SA Affects Rice Seed Germination under Salt Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
SA inhibited OsNCED5 expression.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous SAt0
- Gene
- OsNCED5e0
- Outcome
- expression of the ABA biosynthetic gene OsNCED5e0
- Direction
- inhibite0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inhibit the expression of the ABA biosynthetic gene OsNCED5”
t0“Exogenous SA Affects Rice Seed Germination under Salt Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
SA increased GA1 and GA4 content and reduced ABA content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous SAt0
- Outcome
- GA1 and GA4 contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increase GA1 and GA4 content; reduce ABA content”
t0“Exogenous SA Affects Rice Seed Germination under Salt Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
SA reduced ABA content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous SAt0
- Outcome
- ABA contente0
- Direction
- reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduce ABA content”
t0“Exogenous SA Affects Rice Seed Germination under Salt Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
SA improved α-amylase activity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous SAt0
- Outcome
- α-amylase activitye0
- Direction
- improvee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improve α-amylase activity”
t0“Exogenous SA Affects Rice Seed Germination under Salt Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
SA increased soluble sugar content and improved germination under salt stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous SAt0
- Outcome
- content of soluble sugarse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increase the content of soluble sugars”
t0“Exogenous SA Affects Rice Seed Germination under Salt Stress”
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See all 6 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.