Abstract
In this study, hydrodistillation was used to obtain essential oils (EOs) from pepper ( Piper nigrum L.) and clove ( Eugenia caryophyllata ) and co-hydrodistillation (addition of fatty acid ethyl esters as extraction co-solvents) was used to obtain functional extracts (FEs). Antifungal activity of EOs and FEs was evaluated by determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus niger. The results showed that pepper ( Piper nigrum ) and clove ( Eugenia caryophyllata ) essential oils and their functional extracts are effective in vitro at concentrations from 400 to 500 ppm after 10 days of culturing. The essential oils and functional extracts were used on tomato fruit samples at three different concentrations: 350, 400, and 450 ppm 5 . Clove essential oil reduced the growth of Aspergillus niger from 50% to 70% and Fusarium oxysporum to 40%. The functional extracts (FEs) of clove and pepper, mixed with ethyl decanoate (FEs-C 10 ), were the best combination for protecting the tomato fruit in vivo against both phytopathogenic fungi. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify eugenol as the principal compound in clove oil and limonene, sabinene, and β -caryophyllene in pepper oil.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Clove essential oil reduced Aspergillus niger growth by 50% to 70%.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- Clove essential oile2
- Interactor
- Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus nigere2pathogen - Outcome
- growthe2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 50% to 70%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e2“Clove essential oil reduced the growth of Aspergillus niger from 50% to 70% and Fusarium oxysporum to 40%”
Claim · model-written summary
Clove essential oil reduced Fusarium oxysporum growth to 40%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Clove essential oile2
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume2pathogen - Outcome
- growthe2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 40%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e2“Clove essential oil reduced the growth of Aspergillus niger from 50% to 70% and Fusarium oxysporum to 40%”
Claim · model-written summary
Functional extracts of clove and pepper mixed with ethyl decanoate were the best combination for protecting tomato fruit in vivo against Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus niger.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- functional extracts (FEs) of clove and pepper, mixed with ethyl decanoatee3
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporumFusarium oxysporume1pathogen
- Second interactor
- Aspergillus nigerAspergillus nigere1pathogen
- Outcome
- protecting the tomato fruit in vivoe3
- Direction
- beste3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“Antifungal activity of EOs and FEs was evaluated by determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus niger”
e3“The functional extracts (FEs) of clove and pepper, mixed with ethyl decanoate (FEs-C 10 ), were the best combination for protecting the tomato fruit in vivo against both phytopathogenic fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
GC-MS identified eugenol as the principal compound in clove oil.
- Taxon
- clove
Syzygium aromaticume4 - Outcome
- eugenol as the principal compound in clove oile4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“identify eugenol as the principal compound in clove oil and limonene, sabinene, and β -caryophyllene in pepper oil”
Claim · model-written summary
GC-MS identified limonene, sabinene and β-caryophyllene as the principal compounds in pepper oil.
Verbatim
e4“identify eugenol as the principal compound in clove oil and limonene, sabinene, and β -caryophyllene in pepper oil”
The same questions in other papers
botanical · Fusarium oxysporum · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
22 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
21 papers more in this group
See all 25 papers →botanical · Aspergillus niger · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.