Abstract
Abstract Atrazine offers growers a reliable option to control a broad spectrum of weeds in grain sorghum production systems when applied PRE or POST. However, because of the extensive use of atrazine in grain sorghum and corn, it has been found in groundwater in the United States. Given this issue, field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 in Fayetteville and Marianna, Arkansas, to explore the tolerance of grain sorghum to applications of assorted photosystem II (PSII)-inhibiting herbicides in combination with S -metolachlor (PRE and POST) or mesotrione (POST only) as atrazine replacements. All experiments were designed as a factorial, randomized complete block; the two factors were (1) PSII herbicide and (2) the herbicide added to create the mixture. The PSII herbicides were prometryn, ametryn, simazine, fluometuron, metribuzin, linuron, diuron, atrazine, and propazine. The second factor consisted of either no additional herbicide, S -metolachlor, or mesotrione; however, mesotrione was excluded in the PRE experiments. Crop injury estimates, height, and yield data were collected or calculated in both studies. In the PRE study, injury was less than 10% for all treatments except those containing simazine, which caused 11% injury 28 d after application (DAA). Averaged over PSII herbicide, S -metolachlor–containing treatments caused 7% injury at 14 and 28 DAA. Grain sorghum in atrazine-containing treatments yielded 97% of the nontreated. Grain sorghum receiving other herbicide treatments had significant yield loss due to crop injury, compared with atrazine-containing treatments. In the POST study, ametryn- and prometryn-containing treatments were more injurious than all other treatments 14 DAA. Grain sorghum yield in all POST treatments was comparable to atrazine, except prometryn plus mesotrione, which was 65% of the nontreated. More herbicides should be evaluated to find a comparable fit to atrazine when applied PRE in grain sorghum. However, when applied POST, diuron, fluometuron, linuron, metribuzin, propazine, and simazine have some potential to replace atrazine in terms of crop tolerance and should be further tested as part of a weed control program across a greater range of environments.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
PRE treatments except simazine caused less than 10% injury.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“grain sorghum”
e0“In the PRE study, injury was less than 10% for all treatments except those containing simazine”
Claim · model-written summary
PRE simazine caused 11% injury at 28 DAA.
- Taxon
- grain sorghum
Sorghum bicolort0 - Treatment
- simazinee0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Value
- 11%e0
- Qualifier
- 28 d after application (DAA)e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“grain sorghum”
e0“those containing simazine, which caused 11% injury 28 d after application (DAA)”
Claim · model-written summary
S-metolachlor mixtures caused 7% injury at 14 and 28 DAA averaged over PSII herbicides.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- S -metolachlor–containing treatmentse0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Value
- 7%e0
- Qualifier
- 14 and 28 DAAe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“grain sorghum”
e0“S -metolachlor–containing treatments caused 7% injury at 14 and 28 DAA”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine-treated sorghum yielded 97% of nontreated sorghum.
- Taxon
- Grain sorghumSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- atrazine-containing treatmentse0
- Outcome
- yieldede0
- Value
- 97%e0
- Comparator
- nontreatede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain sorghum in atrazine-containing treatments yielded 97% of the nontreated.”
Claim · model-written summary
Other PRE herbicide treatments had significant yield loss relative to atrazine.
- Taxon
- Grain sorghumSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- other herbicide treatmentse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- losse0
- Comparator
- atrazine-containing treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain sorghum receiving other herbicide treatments had significant yield loss due to crop injury, compared with atrazine-containing treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
POST ametryn was more injurious than other treatments at 14 DAA.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- ametryne0
- Outcome
- injuriouse0
- Direction
- more injuriouse0
- Comparator
- all other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“grain sorghum”
e0“ametryn- and prometryn-containing treatments were more injurious than all other treatments 14 DAA”
Claim · model-written summary
POST prometryn was more injurious than other treatments at 14 DAA.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- prometryne0
- Outcome
- injuriouse0
- Direction
- more injuriouse0
- Comparator
- all other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“grain sorghum”
e0“ametryn- and prometryn-containing treatments were more injurious than all other treatments 14 DAA”
Claim · model-written summary
POST yields were comparable to atrazine except for prometryn plus mesotrione.
- Taxon
- Grain sorghumSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- POST treatmentse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Comparator
- atrazinee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain sorghum yield in all POST treatments was comparable to atrazine, except prometryn plus mesotrione”
Claim · model-written summary
Prometryn plus mesotrione yielded 65% of nontreated sorghum.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- prometryn plus mesotrionee0
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Value
- 65%e0
- Comparator
- nontreatede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“grain sorghum”
e0“prometryn plus mesotrione, which was 65% of the nontreated”
e1“Grain sorghum yield in all POST treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
More PRE herbicides should be evaluated as atrazine alternatives.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolore0
- Outcome
- More herbicides should be evaluatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“grain sorghum”
e0“More herbicides should be evaluated to find a comparable fit to atrazine when applied PRE in grain sorghum.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend further testing several POST herbicides as atrazine replacements.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolort0
- Outcome
- should be further tested as part of a weed control programe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“diuron, fluometuron, linuron, metribuzin, propazine, and simazine have some potential to replace atrazine in terms of crop tolerance and should be further tested as part of a weed control program across a greater range of environments”
t0“grain sorghum”
The same questions in other papers
mesotrione · yield · Sorghum bicolor (sorghum)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
prometryn · yield · Sorghum bicolor (sorghum)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
- negative
herbicide · yield · Sorghum bicolor (sorghum)Results differ
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 27 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
33 papers more in this group
See all 37 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.