Abstract
Effect of two fungicides (i.e. iprodione and cyprodinil+flydioxonil mixture) and two salts (sodium bicarbonate, SBC, and sodium benzoate, SBO) were evaluated separately or in mixtures in laboratory experiments as well as under field conditions against Botrytis cinerea instant of the fruit gray mould of strawberry. All tested salts and fungicides as well as their mixtures significantly decreased the radial growth of B. cinerea in vitro. Complete inhibition of radial growth was obtained with SBC at 2.0 and1.0 g/100ml. Also, high reductions were obtained with SBC at lower concentrations. The fungicide iprodione at 500 mg/L completely inhibited radial growth of B. cinerea, while complete inhibition was obtained with cyprodinil+flydioxonil at lower concentration (10 mg/L). Mixing the tested fungicides with salts increased their inhibition effect on B. cinerea growth at lower fungicide concentrations. iprodione at 0.1 mg/L mixed with SBO at 1g/100ml completely inhibited radial growth. Also, cyprodinil+flydioxonil at 0.1mg/L mixed with SBC at 0.2 g/100ml completely inhibited radial growth of B. cinerea while 0.001mg/L cyprodinil+flydioxonil fungicide with SBO at 2.0g/100 completely inhibited radial growth. On the other hand, the field experiments showed that all treatments with the tested salts and fungicides significantly decreased postharvest Botrytis gray mould on fruits harvested 1, 3, 7, 10 and 15 days after treatments and stored at 5˚C for seven days. However, the treatment with 50% cyprodinil+flydioxonil + SBC 2% was the most effective and decreased mean percentage of infection to 4% compared to 23.86 % for the untreated control. This was followed by 50% iprodione +SBC 2%, 25% iprodione + SBC and 25% cyprodinil+flydioxonil + SBC 2%, and cyprodinil+flydioxonil, alone, and iprodione, alone, with percentages of infection being 7%, 8%, 8.5%, 8.5%, and 9%, respectively, while (SBC 2%, alone) treatment showed the least effect with 12.93 percentage of infection. Meanwhile, positive strong correlations (r = 0.981 to 0.943) were revealed between Infection (%) and harvest interval periods with two salts mixed with iprodione and cyprodinil + flydioxonil after stored at 5˚C. Also, the enzyme assay revealed that increases in the activity levels of pectolytic and cellulytic enzymes produced by the fungus were associated with high fruit rots incited by B. cinerea. Meanwhile, residues of all tested fungicides in treated strawberry fruits decreased with decreasing fungicide concentrations in the salt + fungicide mixtures. cyprodinil (25%) + SBO, and cyprodinil (25%) + SBC treatments exhibited the lowest residue values being 1.420, and 1.680 mg/kg fruit one hour after treatment while the other treatments showed higher residue values while the highest was recorded for iprodion at recommend dose being 29.81 mg/kg fruit. However, fungicide residues decreased with increasing time after preharvest treatments.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Tested salts and fungicides and their mixtures reduced B. cinerea radial growth in vitro.
- Taxon
- Strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Treatment
- tested salts and fungicides as well as their mixturese0
- Interactor
- B. cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Outcome
- radial growth of B. cinereae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“All tested salts and fungicides as well as their mixtures significantly decreased the radial growth of B. cinerea in vitro.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
SBC at 2.0 and 1.0 g/100ml completely inhibited B. cinerea radial growth.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- SBC at 2.0 and1.0 g/100mle0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- radial growthe0
- Direction
- Complete inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Complete inhibition of radial growth was obtained with SBC at 2.0 and1.0 g/100ml.”
t0“B. cinerea) of Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Iprodione at 500 mg/L completely inhibited B. cinerea radial growth.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- iprodione at 500 mg/Le0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- radial growth of B. cinereae0
- Direction
- completely inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungicide iprodione at 500 mg/L completely inhibited radial growth of B. cinerea”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Cyprodinil+flydioxonil completely inhibited radial growth at 10 mg/L.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- cyprodinil+flydioxonil at lower concentration (10 mg/L)e0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- radial growthe1
- Direction
- complete inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“complete inhibition was obtained with cyprodinil+flydioxonil at lower concentration (10 mg/L)”
e1“The fungicide iprodione at 500 mg/L completely inhibited radial growth of B. cinerea”
t0“B. cinerea) of Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixing fungicides with salts increased inhibition of B. cinerea at lower fungicide concentrations.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Mixing the tested fungicides with saltse0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- inhibition effect on B. cinerea growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mixing the tested fungicides with salts increased their inhibition effect on B. cinerea growth at lower fungicide concentrations.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Iprodione at 0.1 mg/L with SBO at 1g/100ml completely inhibited radial growth.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- iprodione at 0.1 mg/L mixed with SBO at 1g/100mle0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- radial growthe0
- Direction
- completely inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“iprodione at 0.1 mg/L mixed with SBO at 1g/100ml completely inhibited radial growth.”
t0“B. cinerea) of Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Cyprodinil+flydioxonil at 0.1mg/L with SBC at 0.2 g/100ml completely inhibited B. cinerea radial growth.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- cyprodinil+flydioxonil at 0.1mg/L mixed with SBC at 0.2 g/100mle0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- radial growth of B. cinereae0
- Direction
- completely inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cyprodinil+flydioxonil at 0.1mg/L mixed with SBC at 0.2 g/100ml completely inhibited radial growth of B. cinerea”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Cyprodinil+flydioxonil at 0.001mg/L with SBO at 2.0g/100 completely inhibited radial growth.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- 0.001mg/L cyprodinil+flydioxonil fungicide with SBO at 2.0g/100e0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- radial growthe0
- Direction
- completely inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“0.001mg/L cyprodinil+flydioxonil fungicide with SBO at 2.0g/100 completely inhibited radial growth”
t0“B. cinerea) of Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
All field salt and fungicide treatments significantly reduced postharvest Botrytis gray mould.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- tested salts and fungicidese0
- Outcome
- postharvest Botrytis gray moulde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- fruits harvested 1, 3, 7, 10 and 15 days after treatments and stored at 5˚C for seven dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all treatments with the tested salts and fungicides significantly decreased postharvest Botrytis gray mould on fruits harvested 1, 3, 7, 10 and 15 days after treatments and stored at 5˚C for seven days.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
The 50% cyprodinil+flydioxonil plus SBC 2% treatment reduced mean infection to 4% versus 23.86% in controls.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- 50% cyprodinil+flydioxonil + SBC 2%e0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- mean percentage of infectione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 4%e0
- Qualifier
- 23.86 %e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment with 50% cyprodinil+flydioxonil + SBC 2% was the most effective and decreased mean percentage of infection to 4% compared to 23.86 % for the untreated control.”
t0“B. cinerea) of Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
The 50% iprodione plus SBC 2% treatment had 7% infection.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- 50% iprodione +SBC 2%e0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- percentages of infectione0
- Value
- 7%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“50% iprodione +SBC 2%, 25% iprodione + SBC and 25% cyprodinil+flydioxonil + SBC 2%, and cyprodinil+flydioxonil, alone, and iprodione, alone, with percentages of infection being 7%, 8%, 8.5%, 8.5%, and 9%, respectively”
t0“B. cinerea) of Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
The 25% iprodione plus SBC treatment had 8% infection.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- 25% iprodione + SBCe0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- percentages of infectione0
- Value
- 8%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“25% iprodione + SBC and 25% cyprodinil+flydioxonil + SBC 2%, and cyprodinil+flydioxonil, alone, and iprodione, alone, with percentages of infection being 7%, 8%, 8.5%, 8.5%, and 9%, respectively”
t0“B. cinerea) of Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
The 25% cyprodinil+flydioxonil plus SBC 2% treatment had 8.5% infection.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- 25% cyprodinil+flydioxonil + SBC 2%e0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- percentages of infectione0
- Value
- 8.5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“25% cyprodinil+flydioxonil + SBC 2%, and cyprodinil+flydioxonil, alone, and iprodione, alone, with percentages of infection being 7%, 8%, 8.5%, 8.5%, and 9%, respectively”
t0“B. cinerea) of Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Cyprodinil+flydioxonil alone had 8.5% infection.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- cyprodinil+flydioxonil, alonee0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- percentages of infectione0
- Value
- 8.5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cyprodinil+flydioxonil, alone, and iprodione, alone, with percentages of infection being 7%, 8%, 8.5%, 8.5%, and 9%, respectively”
t0“B. cinerea) of Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Iprodione alone had 9% infection.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- iprodione, alonee0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- percentages of infectione0
- Value
- 9%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“iprodione, alone, with percentages of infection being 7%, 8%, 8.5%, 8.5%, and 9%, respectively”
t0“B. cinerea) of Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
SBC 2% alone had the least effect, with 12.93 percent infection.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- SBC 2%, alonee0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- percentage of infectione0
- Direction
- least effecte0
- Value
- 12.93e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“(SBC 2%, alone) treatment showed the least effect with 12.93 percentage of infection.”
t0“B. cinerea) of Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection percentage was positively correlated with harvest interval for salt and fungicide mixtures.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- two salts mixed with iprodione and cyprodinil + flydioxonile0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- Infection (%)e0
- Direction
- positive strong correlationse0
- Value
- r = 0.981 to 0.943e0
- Qualifier
- harvest interval periodse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“positive strong correlations (r = 0.981 to 0.943) were revealed between Infection (%) and harvest interval periods with two salts mixed with iprodione and cyprodinil + flydioxonil after stored at 5˚C.”
t0“B. cinerea) of Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher fungal pectolytic and cellulytic enzyme activity was associated with high fruit rot.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Gene
- pectolytic and cellulytic enzymese0
- Outcome
- high fruit rots incited by B. cinereae0
- Direction
- increasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases in the activity levels of pectolytic and cellulytic enzymes produced by the fungus were associated with high fruit rots incited by B. cinerea.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide residues fell as fungicide concentration in mixtures decreased and time after treatment increased.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- salt + fungicide mixturese0
- Outcome
- residues of all tested fungicidese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“residues of all tested fungicides in treated strawberry fruits decreased with decreasing fungicide concentrations in the salt + fungicide mixtures.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cyprodinil 25% plus SBO had the lowest residue, 1.420 mg/kg fruit one hour after treatment.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- cyprodinil (25%) + SBOe0
- Outcome
- residue valuese0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 1.420e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cyprodinil (25%) + SBO, and cyprodinil (25%) + SBC treatments exhibited the lowest residue values being 1.420, and 1.680 mg/kg fruit one hour after treatment”
t0“Strawberry”
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See all 14 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.