Abstract
Abstract Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulates in plants following exposure to heavy metals. To investigate the role of GABA in cadmium (Cd) tolerance and elucidate the underlying mechanisms, GABA (0, 25 and 50 µM) was applied to Cd-treated maize plants. Vegetative growth parameters were improved in both Cd-treated and control plants due to GABA application. Cd uptake and translocation were considerably inhibited by GABA. Antioxidant enzyme activity was enhanced in plants subjected to Cd. Concurrently GABA caused further increases in catalase and superoxide dismutase activities, which led to a significant reduction in hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion and malondealdehyde contents under stress conditions. Polyamine biosynthesis-responsive genes, namely ornithine decarboxylase and spermidine synthase, were induced by GABA in plants grown under Cd shock. GABA suppressed polyamine oxidase, a gene related to polyamine catabolism, when plants were exposed to Cd. Consequently, different forms of polyamines were elevated in Cd-exposed plants following GABA application. The maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (F v /F m ) was decreased by Cd-exposed plants, but was completely restored by GABA to the same value in the control. These results suggest a multifaceted contribution of GABA, through regulation of Cd uptake, production of reactive oxygen species and polyamine metabolism, in response to Cd stress.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
GABA improved vegetative growth in cadmium-treated and control maize.
- Treatment
- GABA applicatione0
- Outcome
- Vegetative growth parameterse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vegetative growth parameters were improved in both Cd-treated and control plants due to GABA application.”
t0“maize plants”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA inhibited cadmium uptake and translocation.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd uptake and translocation were considerably inhibited by GABA.”
t0“maize plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium exposure enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Antioxidant enzyme activity was enhanced in plants subjected to Cd.”
t0“maize plants”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA further increased catalase and superoxide dismutase activities.
- Treatment
- GABAe0
- Gene
- catalase and superoxide dismutasee0
- Outcome
- catalase and superoxide dismutase activitiese0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GABA caused further increases in catalase and superoxide dismutase activities”
t0“maize plants”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA significantly reduced hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion and malondealdehyde under stress.
- Treatment
- GABAe0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion and malondealdehyde contentse0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GABA caused further increases in catalase and superoxide dismutase activities, which led to a significant reduction in hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion and malondealdehyde contents under stress conditions.”
t0“maize plants”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA induced ornithine decarboxylase and spermidine synthase genes under cadmium shock.
- Treatment
- GABAe0
- Gene
- ornithine decarboxylase and spermidine synthasee0
- Outcome
- ornithine decarboxylase and spermidine synthasee0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Polyamine biosynthesis-responsive genes, namely ornithine decarboxylase and spermidine synthase, were induced by GABA in plants grown under Cd shock.”
t0“maize plants”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA suppressed polyamine oxidase under cadmium exposure.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GABA suppressed polyamine oxidase, a gene related to polyamine catabolism, when plants were exposed to Cd.”
t0“maize plants”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA elevated different polyamine forms in cadmium-exposed maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“different forms of polyamines were elevated in Cd-exposed plants following GABA application.”
t0“maize plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium exposure decreased maximum photosystem II quantum efficiency.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (F v /F m ) was decreased by Cd-exposed plants”
t0“maize plants”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA restored maximum photosystem II quantum efficiency to the control value.
- Treatment
- GABAe0
- Outcome
- maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem IIe1
- Direction
- restorede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was completely restored by GABA to the same value in the control.”
e1“maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II”
t0“maize plants”
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