Abstract
γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an endogenous signaling molecule and involved in growth regulations and plant development, however, a little information is available on the consequences of exogenous GABA application on growth, development, and associated physio-biochemical processes in maize. The present study examined the GABA-induced regulations in early growth, net photosynthetic rate, gas exchange, osmoregulation, and enzymatic activities in three maize cultivars, i.e., Yuecainuo 6, Zhengtian 68, and Yuecainuo 2. Two levels of GABA, i.e., 0 mg L(-1) and 50 mg L(-1), in solution form, with total application volume of 100 ml per pot containing 15 maize seedlings were exogenously applied. Results revealed that exogenous GABA application improved seedling growth in terms of seedling length and biomass accumulation in all maize cultivars at both 3 and 7 days after treatment (DAT). It also promoted net photosynthesis and variably affected gas exchange attributes, i.e., stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (Tr), as well as leaves SPAD value. Furthermore, lipid peroxidation [in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA)] under GABA treated maize seedlings were also remained variable; however, osmolyte accumulation (protein and proline) and activities of anti-oxidants enzymes, i.e., super-oxide dismutase and peroxidase were also affected differently at both 3 and 7 DAT in all maize cultivars. Furthermore, enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism, e.g., nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase were improved. These results suggest the involvement of GABA in various physio-metablical mechanisms which might lead to improvement in morphological growth of maize. In future, research is still needed at molecular and genetic levels to unravel the involvement of GABA-mediated regulations in growth and its associated physio-biochemical mechanisms.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GABA improved maize seedling length and biomass in all cultivars at 3 and 7 DAT.
- Treatment
- exogenous GABA applicatione0
- Outcome
- seedling length and biomass accumulatione0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- at both 3 and 7 days after treatment (DAT)e0
- Comparator
- 0 mg L(-1)e1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous GABA application improved seedling growth in terms of seedling length and biomass accumulation in all maize cultivars at both 3 and 7 days after treatment (DAT)”
e1“0 mg L(-1) and 50 mg L(-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GABA promoted net photosynthesis in maize.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“It also promoted net photosynthesis”
e1“0 mg L(-1) and 50 mg L(-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA variably affected stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, and transpiration rate.
- Treatment
- 50 mg L(-1)e1
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (Tr)e0
- Comparator
- 0 mg L(-1)e1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“variably affected gas exchange attributes, i.e., stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (Tr)”
e1“0 mg L(-1) and 50 mg L(-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA variably affected leaf SPAD value.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“variably affected gas exchange attributes, i.e., stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (Tr), as well as leaves SPAD value”
e1“0 mg L(-1) and 50 mg L(-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lipid peroxidation measured as MDA was variable in GABA-treated seedlings.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lipid peroxidation [in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA)] under GABA treated maize seedlings were also remained variable”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein and proline accumulation responded differently to GABA at 3 and 7 DAT.
- Treatment
- 50 mg L(-1)e1
- Outcome
- osmolyte accumulation (protein and proline)e0
- Qualifier
- at both 3 and 7 DATe0
- Comparator
- 0 mg L(-1)e1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“osmolyte accumulation (protein and proline) and activities of anti-oxidants enzymes, i.e., super-oxide dismutase and peroxidase were also affected differently at both 3 and 7 DAT in all maize cultivars”
e1“0 mg L(-1) and 50 mg L(-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Super-oxide dismutase and peroxidase activity responded differently to GABA at 3 and 7 DAT.
- Treatment
- 50 mg L(-1)e1
- Gene
- super-oxide dismutase and peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- activities of anti-oxidants enzymese0
- Comparator
- 0 mg L(-1)e1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“activities of anti-oxidants enzymes, i.e., super-oxide dismutase and peroxidase were also affected differently at both 3 and 7 DAT in all maize cultivars”
e1“0 mg L(-1) and 50 mg L(-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA improved nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase enzymes.
- Treatment
- 50 mg L(-1)e1
- Gene
- nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetasee0
- Outcome
- enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolisme0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- 0 mg L(-1)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism, e.g., nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase were improved”
e1“0 mg L(-1) and 50 mg L(-1)”
The same questions in other papers
gamma-aminobutyric acid · growth · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
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- negative
- positive
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