Abstract
To determine the soil mechanism in root-zone caused by water saving and the production response to alternate drip irrigation (ADI), the present study investigated the effects of deficit ADI on tomato growth using the conventional surface drip irrigation (CDI) as a control. The interactions among the experimental treatments on root index, photosynthetic efficiency, biomass accumulation, yield, fruit quality and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) were assessed and the inner mechanism of root-soil effecting on tomato growth, photosynthate distribution, yield and quality was discussed. ADI significantly enhanced root-soil interaction, promoted soil nitrogen and phosphorus absorption by tomato and tomato growth. However, different soil moisture deficits significantly affected tomato photosynthate accumulation and distribution, as well as fruit quality. With irrigation amount of 50% field capacity (F), ADI significantly increased soluble sugar, total soluble solid and lycopene by 38.08%, 19.48% and 30.05%, respectively, compared to those of CDI, but decreased irrigation amounts by 29.86% in comparison with the CDI one. ADI of 70% F could significantly distribute more photosynthate to fruits, thus enhanced tomato yields by 24.6% and improved IWUE by 17.05% compared to that of CDI. In addition, ADI of 70% F improved tomato fruits quality, and in particular organic acid was decreased by 43.75% and sugar-acid ratio was increased by 97% compared to CDI. However, ADI of 60% F distributed more photosynthate to plant, showing no significant difference of yields in comparison with CDI and ADI of 70% F, but a higher IWUE by 19.54% than that of CDI. ADI of 60% F significantly enhanced soluble sugar, total soluble solid, soluble protein, lycopene and sugar-acid ratio in tomato fruits by 2.06, 1.26, 1.61, 1.4 and 3.2 times respectively compared to CDI. Therefore, ADI of 60% or 70% F can be overall recommended for tomato production in a greenhouse, plant growth, fruit yield and quality, and IWUE.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
ADI enhanced soil nitrogen and phosphorus absorption.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- ADIe0
- Outcome
- soil nitrogen and phosphorus absorptione0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ADI significantly enhanced root-soil interaction, promoted soil nitrogen and phosphorus absorption by tomato and tomato growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
ADI enhanced tomato growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- ADIe0
- Outcome
- tomato growthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ADI significantly enhanced root-soil interaction, promoted soil nitrogen and phosphorus absorption by tomato and tomato growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 50% field capacity, ADI increased soluble sugar by 38.08% versus CDI.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ADIe0
- Outcome
- soluble sugare0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 38.08%e0
- Qualifier
- 50% field capacity (F)e0
- Comparator
- CDIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With irrigation amount of 50% field capacity (F), ADI significantly increased soluble sugar, total soluble solid and lycopene by 38.08%, 19.48% and 30.05%, respectively, compared to those of CDI, but decreased irrigation amounts by 29.86% in comparison with the CDI one.”
t0“Tomato Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
At 50% field capacity, ADI increased total soluble solid by 19.48% versus CDI.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ADIe0
- Outcome
- total soluble solide0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 19.48%e0
- Qualifier
- 50% field capacity (F)e0
- Comparator
- CDIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With irrigation amount of 50% field capacity (F), ADI significantly increased soluble sugar, total soluble solid and lycopene by 38.08%, 19.48% and 30.05%, respectively, compared to those of CDI, but decreased irrigation amounts by 29.86% in comparison with the CDI one.”
t0“Tomato Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
At 50% field capacity, ADI increased lycopene by 30.05% versus CDI.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ADIe0
- Outcome
- lycopenee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 30.05%e0
- Qualifier
- 50% field capacity (F)e0
- Comparator
- CDIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With irrigation amount of 50% field capacity (F), ADI significantly increased soluble sugar, total soluble solid and lycopene by 38.08%, 19.48% and 30.05%, respectively, compared to those of CDI, but decreased irrigation amounts by 29.86% in comparison with the CDI one.”
t0“Tomato Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
At 50% field capacity, ADI used 29.86% less irrigation than CDI.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ADIe0
- Outcome
- irrigation amountse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 29.86%e0
- Qualifier
- 50% field capacity (F)e0
- Comparator
- CDIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With irrigation amount of 50% field capacity (F), ADI significantly increased soluble sugar, total soluble solid and lycopene by 38.08%, 19.48% and 30.05%, respectively, compared to those of CDI, but decreased irrigation amounts by 29.86% in comparison with the CDI one.”
t0“Tomato Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
ADI at 70% field capacity increased photosynthate to fruits versus CDI.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- ADI of 70% Fe0
- Outcome
- photosynthate to fruitse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- CDIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ADI of 70% F could significantly distribute more photosynthate to fruits, thus enhanced tomato yields by 24.6% and improved IWUE by 17.05% compared to that of CDI.”
Claim · model-written summary
ADI at 70% field capacity increased tomato yields by 24.6% versus CDI.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- ADI of 70% Fe0
- Outcome
- tomato yieldse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 24.6%e0
- Comparator
- CDIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ADI of 70% F could significantly distribute more photosynthate to fruits, thus enhanced tomato yields by 24.6% and improved IWUE by 17.05% compared to that of CDI.”
Claim · model-written summary
ADI at 70% field capacity increased IWUE by 17.05% versus CDI.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- ADI of 70% Fe0
- Outcome
- IWUEe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 17.05%e0
- Comparator
- CDIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ADI of 70% F could significantly distribute more photosynthate to fruits, thus enhanced tomato yields by 24.6% and improved IWUE by 17.05% compared to that of CDI.”
Claim · model-written summary
ADI at 70% field capacity decreased organic acid by 43.75%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- ADI of 70% Fe0
- Outcome
- organic acide0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 43.75%e0
- Comparator
- CDIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In addition, ADI of 70% F improved tomato fruits quality, and in particular organic acid was decreased by 43.75% and sugar-acid ratio was increased by 97% compared to CDI.”
Claim · model-written summary
ADI at 70% field capacity increased sugar-acid ratio by 97%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- ADI of 70% Fe0
- Outcome
- sugar-acid ratioe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 97%e0
- Comparator
- CDIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In addition, ADI of 70% F improved tomato fruits quality, and in particular organic acid was decreased by 43.75% and sugar-acid ratio was increased by 97% compared to CDI.”
Claim · model-written summary
ADI at 60% field capacity distributed more photosynthate to plants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ADI of 60% Fe0
- Outcome
- photosynthate to plante0
- Direction
- moree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, ADI of 60% F distributed more photosynthate to plant, showing no significant difference of yields in comparison with CDI and ADI of 70% F, but a higher IWUE by 19.54% than that of CDI.”
t0“Tomato Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
ADI at 60% field capacity had no significant yield difference versus CDI or ADI at 70%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ADI of 60% Fe0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
- Comparator
- CDI and ADI of 70% Fe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, ADI of 60% F distributed more photosynthate to plant, showing no significant difference of yields in comparison with CDI and ADI of 70% F, but a higher IWUE by 19.54% than that of CDI.”
t0“Tomato Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
ADI at 60% field capacity improved IWUE by 19.54% over CDI.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ADI of 60% Fe0
- Outcome
- IWUEe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 19.54%e0
- Comparator
- CDIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, ADI of 60% F distributed more photosynthate to plant, showing no significant difference of yields in comparison with CDI and ADI of 70% F, but a higher IWUE by 19.54% than that of CDI.”
t0“Tomato Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
ADI at 60% field capacity enhanced fruit soluble sugar 2.06 times versus CDI.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- ADI of 60% Fe0
- Outcome
- soluble sugare0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 2.06e0
- Comparator
- CDIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ADI of 60% F significantly enhanced soluble sugar, total soluble solid, soluble protein, lycopene and sugar-acid ratio in tomato fruits by 2.06, 1.26, 1.61, 1.4 and 3.2 times respectively compared to CDI.”
Claim · model-written summary
ADI at 60% field capacity enhanced fruit total soluble solid 1.26 times versus CDI.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- ADI of 60% Fe0
- Outcome
- total soluble solide0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 1.26e0
- Comparator
- CDIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ADI of 60% F significantly enhanced soluble sugar, total soluble solid, soluble protein, lycopene and sugar-acid ratio in tomato fruits by 2.06, 1.26, 1.61, 1.4 and 3.2 times respectively compared to CDI.”
Claim · model-written summary
ADI at 60% field capacity enhanced fruit soluble protein 1.61 times versus CDI.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- ADI of 60% Fe0
- Outcome
- soluble proteine0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 1.61e0
- Comparator
- CDIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ADI of 60% F significantly enhanced soluble sugar, total soluble solid, soluble protein, lycopene and sugar-acid ratio in tomato fruits by 2.06, 1.26, 1.61, 1.4 and 3.2 times respectively compared to CDI.”
Claim · model-written summary
ADI at 60% field capacity enhanced fruit lycopene 1.4 times versus CDI.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- ADI of 60% Fe0
- Outcome
- lycopenee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 1.4e0
- Comparator
- CDIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ADI of 60% F significantly enhanced soluble sugar, total soluble solid, soluble protein, lycopene and sugar-acid ratio in tomato fruits by 2.06, 1.26, 1.61, 1.4 and 3.2 times respectively compared to CDI.”
Claim · model-written summary
ADI at 60% field capacity enhanced fruit sugar-acid ratio 3.2 times versus CDI.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- ADI of 60% Fe0
- Outcome
- sugar-acid ratioe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 3.2e0
- Comparator
- CDIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ADI of 60% F significantly enhanced soluble sugar, total soluble solid, soluble protein, lycopene and sugar-acid ratio in tomato fruits by 2.06, 1.26, 1.61, 1.4 and 3.2 times respectively compared to CDI.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend ADI at 60% or 70% field capacity for greenhouse tomato production.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- ADI of 60% or 70% Fe0
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Therefore, ADI of 60% or 70% F can be overall recommended for tomato production in a greenhouse, plant growth, fruit yield and quality, and IWUE.”
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