Abstract
Facility agriculture in China is facing the challenge of the excessive use of chemical fertilizers (nitrogen fertilizers), which hinder the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture. Optimizing nitrogen fertilizer allocation is essential to balance agricultural production and environmental concerns. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal organic fertilizer strategy for tomato cultivation under different irrigation methods. An experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, and two irrigation methods, surface irrigation (SI) and drip irrigation (SDI), were used during tomato growth. The fertilization treatments included urea alone (CK); 30%, 40%, and 50% chicken manure mixed with urea (FC1, FC2, FC3); and 50% cow manure and sheep manure mixed with urea (FB3, FS3). The results showed that the irrigation techniques and fertilization had significant effects on ammonia volatilization accumulation, soil mineral nitrogen content, and tomato yield and quality. Compared with the surface irrigation technique with the same amount of fertilizer application, the drip irrigation technique reduced the ammonia volatilization accumulation by a maximum of 76.40%. The SDIFC3 and SDIFB3 ammonia volatilization accumulation was as low as 5.24 (kg·hm−2) and 7.61 (kg·hm−2); the soil nitrate nitrogen content was reduced, and the tomato yield increased significantly by 17.11%. The SDIFC3 treatment achieved a maximum yield of 13,414 (kg·hm−2), increased the tomato vitamin C and soluble sugar contents by 19.13% and 8.97%, and lowered the titratable acid content by as much as 30.51%. Under drip irrigation fertilization conditions, the SDIFC3 treatment showed lower ammonia volatilization accumulation and the highest tomato yield and quality compared to CK and the same proportion of organic fertilizer substitutes with cow and sheep manure. The increase in the proportion of organic fertilizers replacing chemical fertilizers resulted in a gradual decrease in ammonia volatilization accumulation and a gradual increase in the tomato yield and various qualities. The soil mineral N content, on the other hand, was significantly affected by irrigation, fertilizer application, and water–fertilizer interaction effects, with a tendency for the content to increase and then decrease after each fertilizer application. The mineral N content was lower with drip irrigation compared to surface irrigation, especially in the 10–20 cm soil layer than in the 0–10 cm layer. Increasing drip irrigation and organic fertilizer substitution significantly increased the vitamin C and soluble sugar contents in the tomatoes, while decreasing the titratable acid content.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation reduced ammonia volatilization by up to 76.40% versus surface irrigation.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- drip irrigation techniquee0
- Outcome
- ammonia volatilization accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 76.40%e0
- Comparator
- surface irrigation techniquee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the surface irrigation technique with the same amount of fertilizer application, the drip irrigation technique reduced the ammonia volatilization accumulation by a maximum of 76.40%.”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
SDIFC3 ammonia volatilization was 5.24 kg per hectare.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- SDIFC3e0
- Outcome
- ammonia volatilization accumulatione0
- Direction
- as low ase0
- Value
- 5.24 (kg·hm−2)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SDIFC3 and SDIFB3 ammonia volatilization accumulation was as low as 5.24 (kg·hm−2) and 7.61 (kg·hm−2)”
t0“tomato”
t1“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
SDIFB3 ammonia volatilization was 7.61 kg per hectare.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- SDIFB3e0
- Outcome
- ammonia volatilization accumulatione0
- Direction
- as low ase0
- Value
- 7.61 (kg·hm−2)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SDIFC3 and SDIFB3 ammonia volatilization accumulation was as low as 5.24 (kg·hm−2) and 7.61 (kg·hm−2)”
t0“tomato”
t1“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatments reduced soil nitrate nitrogen content.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- SDIFC3e1
- Outcome
- soil nitrate nitrogen contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the soil nitrate nitrogen content was reduced”
t0“tomato”
t1“tomato”
e1“The SDIFC3 treatment achieved a maximum yield of 13,414 (kg·hm−2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato yield increased significantly by 17.11%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- SDIFC3e1
- Outcome
- tomato yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17.11%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the tomato yield increased significantly by 17.11%.”
t0“tomato”
t1“tomato”
e1“The SDIFC3 treatment achieved a maximum yield of 13,414 (kg·hm−2)”
Claim · model-written summary
SDIFC3 produced a maximum tomato yield of 13,414 kg per hectare.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- SDIFC3e0
- Outcome
- maximum yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 13,414 (kg·hm−2)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SDIFC3 treatment achieved a maximum yield of 13,414 (kg·hm−2)”
t0“tomato”
t1“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
SDIFC3 increased tomato vitamin C content by 19.13%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- SDIFC3e1
- Outcome
- tomato vitamin Ce0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 19.13%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the tomato vitamin C and soluble sugar contents by 19.13% and 8.97%”
t0“tomato”
t1“tomato”
e1“The SDIFC3 treatment achieved a maximum yield of 13,414 (kg·hm−2)”
Claim · model-written summary
SDIFC3 increased tomato soluble sugars by 8.97%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- SDIFC3e1
- Outcome
- soluble sugar contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8.97%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the tomato vitamin C and soluble sugar contents by 19.13% and 8.97%”
t0“tomato”
t1“tomato”
e1“The SDIFC3 treatment achieved a maximum yield of 13,414 (kg·hm−2)”
Claim · model-written summary
SDIFC3 reduced titratable acid content by up to 30.51%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- SDIFC3e1
- Outcome
- titratable acid contente0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Value
- 30.51%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lowered the titratable acid content by as much as 30.51%”
t0“tomato”
t1“tomato”
e1“The SDIFC3 treatment achieved a maximum yield of 13,414 (kg·hm−2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under drip irrigation, SDIFC3 had lower ammonia volatilization than CK and manure alternatives.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- SDIFC3e0
- Outcome
- ammonia volatilization accumulatione0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the SDIFC3 treatment showed lower ammonia volatilization accumulation and the highest tomato yield and quality compared to CK and the same proportion of organic fertilizer substitutes with cow and sheep manure.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under drip irrigation, SDIFC3 gave the highest tomato yield and quality versus CK and manure alternatives.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- SDIFC3e0
- Outcome
- tomato yield and qualitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the SDIFC3 treatment showed lower ammonia volatilization accumulation and the highest tomato yield and quality compared to CK and the same proportion of organic fertilizer substitutes with cow and sheep manure.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher organic fertilizer substitution gradually reduced ammonia volatilization.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- organic fertilizers replacing chemical fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- ammonia volatilization accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase in the proportion of organic fertilizers replacing chemical fertilizers resulted in a gradual decrease in ammonia volatilization accumulation”
t0“tomato”
t1“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher organic fertilizer substitution gradually increased tomato yield and qualities.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- organic fertilizers replacing chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- tomato yield and various qualitiese0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a gradual increase in the tomato yield and various qualities.”
t0“tomato”
t1“tomato”
e1“The increase in the proportion of organic fertilizers replacing chemical fertilizers resulted in a gradual decrease in ammonia volatilization accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil mineral nitrogen responded significantly to irrigation, fertilizer, and their interaction.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- irrigation, fertilizer application, and water–fertilizer interaction effectse0
- Outcome
- soil mineral N contente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soil mineral N content, on the other hand, was significantly affected by irrigation, fertilizer application, and water–fertilizer interaction effects”
t0“tomato”
t1“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil mineral nitrogen rose then fell after each fertilizer application.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- contente0
- Direction
- increase and then decreasee0
- Qualifier
- after each fertilizer applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with a tendency for the content to increase and then decrease after each fertilizer application.”
t0“tomato”
t1“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation gave lower soil mineral nitrogen than surface irrigation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- drip irrigatione0
- Outcome
- mineral N contente0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- 10–20 cm soil layere0
- Comparator
- surface irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mineral N content was lower with drip irrigation compared to surface irrigation, especially in the 10–20 cm soil layer than in the 0–10 cm layer.”
t0“tomato”
t1“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
More drip irrigation and organic substitution increased tomato vitamin C and soluble sugar contents.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- drip irrigation and organic fertilizer substitutione0
- Outcome
- vitamin C and soluble sugar contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing drip irrigation and organic fertilizer substitution significantly increased the vitamin C and soluble sugar contents in the tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
More drip irrigation and organic substitution decreased tomato titratable acid.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- drip irrigation and organic fertilizer substitutione1
- Outcome
- titratable acid contente0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while decreasing the titratable acid content.”
t0“tomato”
t1“tomato”
e1“Increasing drip irrigation and organic fertilizer substitution significantly increased the vitamin C and soluble sugar contents in the tomatoes”
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