Abstract
The effect of salicylic acid (SA, 100 μM) of various duration on some indexes of CO 2 -gas exchange, water regime, growth and cold resistance of wheat plants ( Triticum aestivum L.) under optimal (22 °C) and low hardening (4 °C) temperatures were studied. For this, week-long seedlings throughout the whole experiment (7 days) were kept on a nutrient solution with added SA at 22 and 4 °C (prolonged SA action) or kept for 1 day at 22 °C on a nutrient solution with SA and then on a solution without SA (within 6 days) exposed to temperatures of 22 and 4 °C (pre-treatment of SA). It was shown that at a temperature of 22 °C, the prolonged action of SA led to a decrease in the rate of visible photosynthesis and the ratio of respiration in the process of CO 2 -gas exchange, did not affect water use efficiency (WUE), increased the biomass of shoot and root. On the contrary, diurnal exposure to SA had virtually no effect on the dynamics of CO 2 assimilation, reduced the ratio of respiration in CO 2 -gas exchange and transpiration, but increased the WUE. At a temperature of 4 °C, the continuous action of the SA contributed to maintaining the rate of photosynthesis at a higher level than in the control, reduced the ratio of respiration in CO 2 -gas exchange, increased WUE, and also stabilized the accumulation of plant biomass. In contrast, the diurnal pretreatment of the SA increased the negative effect of low temperature on the assimilation of CO 2 , led to increase in expenses of respiration, did not affect the level of transpiration, caused a decrease in WUE. It is important, that the exogenous SA contributed to the growth of the cold tolerance of wheat in conditions of normal and low hardening temperatures. Thus, the response of wheat plants to the effect of SA depends on its duration, while the nature of changes in physiological processes differ under optimal and low temperatures.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Prolonged salicylic acid at 22 °C decreased visible photosynthesis and respiration ratio.
- Taxon
- WHEAT PLANT
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- prolonged action of SAe0
- Outcome
- rate of visible photosynthesis and the ratio of respiratione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Setting
- 22 °Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at a temperature of 22 °C, the prolonged action of SA led to a decrease in the rate of visible photosynthesis and the ratio of respiration in the process of CO 2 -gas exchange”
t0“CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEAT PLANT RESPONSES TO SHORT-TERM AND PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO SALICYLIC ACID UNDER OPTIMAL AND LOW TEMPERATURE”
Claim · model-written summary
Prolonged salicylic acid at 22 °C did not affect water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- WHEAT PLANTTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- prolonged action of SAe1
- Outcome
- water use efficiency (WUE)e0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
- Setting
- 22 °Ce1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“did not affect water use efficiency (WUE)”
t0“CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEAT PLANT RESPONSES TO SHORT-TERM AND PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO SALICYLIC ACID UNDER OPTIMAL AND LOW TEMPERATURE”
e1“It was shown that at a temperature of 22 °C, the prolonged action of SA led to a decrease in the rate of visible photosynthesis and the ratio of respiration in the process of CO 2 -gas exchange, did not affect water use efficiency (WUE), increased the biomass of shoot and root. On the contrary, diurnal exposure to SA had virtually no effect on the dynamics of CO 2 assimilation, reduced the ratio of respiration in CO 2 -gas exchange and transpiration, but increased the WUE. At a temperature of 4 °C, the continuous action of the SA contributed to maintaining the rate of photosynthesis at a higher level than in the control, reduced the ratio of respiration in CO 2 -gas exchange, increased WUE, and also stabilized the accumulation of plant biomass. In contrast, the diurnal pretreatment of the SA increased the negative effect of low temperature on the assimilation of CO 2 , led to increase in expenses of respiration, did not affect the level of transpiration, caused a decrease in WUE.”
Claim · model-written summary
Prolonged salicylic acid at 22 °C increased shoot and root biomass.
- Taxon
- WHEAT PLANTTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- prolonged action of SAe1
- Outcome
- biomass of shoot and roote0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- 22 °Ce1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the biomass of shoot and root.”
t0“CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEAT PLANT RESPONSES TO SHORT-TERM AND PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO SALICYLIC ACID UNDER OPTIMAL AND LOW TEMPERATURE”
e1“It was shown that at a temperature of 22 °C, the prolonged action of SA led to a decrease in the rate of visible photosynthesis and the ratio of respiration in the process of CO 2 -gas exchange, did not affect water use efficiency (WUE), increased the biomass of shoot and root. On the contrary, diurnal exposure to SA had virtually no effect on the dynamics of CO 2 assimilation, reduced the ratio of respiration in CO 2 -gas exchange and transpiration, but increased the WUE. At a temperature of 4 °C, the continuous action of the SA contributed to maintaining the rate of photosynthesis at a higher level than in the control, reduced the ratio of respiration in CO 2 -gas exchange, increased WUE, and also stabilized the accumulation of plant biomass. In contrast, the diurnal pretreatment of the SA increased the negative effect of low temperature on the assimilation of CO 2 , led to increase in expenses of respiration, did not affect the level of transpiration, caused a decrease in WUE.”
Claim · model-written summary
One-day salicylic acid exposure had virtually no effect on CO2 assimilation dynamics.
- Taxon
- WHEAT PLANTTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- diurnal exposure to SAe0
- Outcome
- dynamics of CO 2 assimilatione0
- Direction
- virtually no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“diurnal exposure to SA had virtually no effect on the dynamics of CO 2 assimilation”
t0“CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEAT PLANT RESPONSES TO SHORT-TERM AND PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO SALICYLIC ACID UNDER OPTIMAL AND LOW TEMPERATURE”
Claim · model-written summary
One-day salicylic acid exposure reduced respiration ratio and transpiration.
- Taxon
- WHEAT PLANTTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- diurnal exposure to SAe1
- Outcome
- ratio of respiration in CO 2 -gas exchange and transpiratione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the ratio of respiration in CO 2 -gas exchange and transpiration”
t0“CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEAT PLANT RESPONSES TO SHORT-TERM AND PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO SALICYLIC ACID UNDER OPTIMAL AND LOW TEMPERATURE”
e1“It was shown that at a temperature of 22 °C, the prolonged action of SA led to a decrease in the rate of visible photosynthesis and the ratio of respiration in the process of CO 2 -gas exchange, did not affect water use efficiency (WUE), increased the biomass of shoot and root. On the contrary, diurnal exposure to SA had virtually no effect on the dynamics of CO 2 assimilation, reduced the ratio of respiration in CO 2 -gas exchange and transpiration, but increased the WUE. At a temperature of 4 °C, the continuous action of the SA contributed to maintaining the rate of photosynthesis at a higher level than in the control, reduced the ratio of respiration in CO 2 -gas exchange, increased WUE, and also stabilized the accumulation of plant biomass. In contrast, the diurnal pretreatment of the SA increased the negative effect of low temperature on the assimilation of CO 2 , led to increase in expenses of respiration, did not affect the level of transpiration, caused a decrease in WUE.”
Claim · model-written summary
One-day salicylic acid exposure increased water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- WHEAT PLANTTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- diurnal exposure to SAe1
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but increased the WUE.”
t0“CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEAT PLANT RESPONSES TO SHORT-TERM AND PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO SALICYLIC ACID UNDER OPTIMAL AND LOW TEMPERATURE”
e1“It was shown that at a temperature of 22 °C, the prolonged action of SA led to a decrease in the rate of visible photosynthesis and the ratio of respiration in the process of CO 2 -gas exchange, did not affect water use efficiency (WUE), increased the biomass of shoot and root. On the contrary, diurnal exposure to SA had virtually no effect on the dynamics of CO 2 assimilation, reduced the ratio of respiration in CO 2 -gas exchange and transpiration, but increased the WUE. At a temperature of 4 °C, the continuous action of the SA contributed to maintaining the rate of photosynthesis at a higher level than in the control, reduced the ratio of respiration in CO 2 -gas exchange, increased WUE, and also stabilized the accumulation of plant biomass. In contrast, the diurnal pretreatment of the SA increased the negative effect of low temperature on the assimilation of CO 2 , led to increase in expenses of respiration, did not affect the level of transpiration, caused a decrease in WUE.”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous salicylic acid at 4 °C maintained photosynthesis above control.
- Taxon
- WHEAT PLANTTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- continuous action of the SAe0
- Outcome
- rate of photosynthesise0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- the controle0
- Setting
- 4 °Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At a temperature of 4 °C, the continuous action of the SA contributed to maintaining the rate of photosynthesis at a higher level than in the control”
t0“CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEAT PLANT RESPONSES TO SHORT-TERM AND PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO SALICYLIC ACID UNDER OPTIMAL AND LOW TEMPERATURE”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous salicylic acid at 4 °C reduced respiration ratio.
- Taxon
- WHEAT PLANTTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- continuous action of the SAe1
- Outcome
- ratio of respiration in CO 2 -gas exchangee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“control, reduced the ratio of respiration in CO 2 -gas exchange”
t0“CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEAT PLANT RESPONSES TO SHORT-TERM AND PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO SALICYLIC ACID UNDER OPTIMAL AND LOW TEMPERATURE”
e1“It was shown that at a temperature of 22 °C, the prolonged action of SA led to a decrease in the rate of visible photosynthesis and the ratio of respiration in the process of CO 2 -gas exchange, did not affect water use efficiency (WUE), increased the biomass of shoot and root. On the contrary, diurnal exposure to SA had virtually no effect on the dynamics of CO 2 assimilation, reduced the ratio of respiration in CO 2 -gas exchange and transpiration, but increased the WUE. At a temperature of 4 °C, the continuous action of the SA contributed to maintaining the rate of photosynthesis at a higher level than in the control, reduced the ratio of respiration in CO 2 -gas exchange, increased WUE, and also stabilized the accumulation of plant biomass. In contrast, the diurnal pretreatment of the SA increased the negative effect of low temperature on the assimilation of CO 2 , led to increase in expenses of respiration, did not affect the level of transpiration, caused a decrease in WUE.”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous salicylic acid at 4 °C increased water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- WHEAT PLANTTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- continuous action of the SAe1
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased WUE”
t0“CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEAT PLANT RESPONSES TO SHORT-TERM AND PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO SALICYLIC ACID UNDER OPTIMAL AND LOW TEMPERATURE”
e1“It was shown that at a temperature of 22 °C, the prolonged action of SA led to a decrease in the rate of visible photosynthesis and the ratio of respiration in the process of CO 2 -gas exchange, did not affect water use efficiency (WUE), increased the biomass of shoot and root. On the contrary, diurnal exposure to SA had virtually no effect on the dynamics of CO 2 assimilation, reduced the ratio of respiration in CO 2 -gas exchange and transpiration, but increased the WUE. At a temperature of 4 °C, the continuous action of the SA contributed to maintaining the rate of photosynthesis at a higher level than in the control, reduced the ratio of respiration in CO 2 -gas exchange, increased WUE, and also stabilized the accumulation of plant biomass. In contrast, the diurnal pretreatment of the SA increased the negative effect of low temperature on the assimilation of CO 2 , led to increase in expenses of respiration, did not affect the level of transpiration, caused a decrease in WUE.”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous salicylic acid at 4 °C stabilized plant biomass accumulation.
- Taxon
- WHEAT PLANTTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- continuous action of the SAe1
- Outcome
- accumulation of plant biomasse0
- Direction
- stabilizede0
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“also stabilized the accumulation of plant biomass.”
t0“CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEAT PLANT RESPONSES TO SHORT-TERM AND PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO SALICYLIC ACID UNDER OPTIMAL AND LOW TEMPERATURE”
e1“It was shown that at a temperature of 22 °C, the prolonged action of SA led to a decrease in the rate of visible photosynthesis and the ratio of respiration in the process of CO 2 -gas exchange, did not affect water use efficiency (WUE), increased the biomass of shoot and root. On the contrary, diurnal exposure to SA had virtually no effect on the dynamics of CO 2 assimilation, reduced the ratio of respiration in CO 2 -gas exchange and transpiration, but increased the WUE. At a temperature of 4 °C, the continuous action of the SA contributed to maintaining the rate of photosynthesis at a higher level than in the control, reduced the ratio of respiration in CO 2 -gas exchange, increased WUE, and also stabilized the accumulation of plant biomass. In contrast, the diurnal pretreatment of the SA increased the negative effect of low temperature on the assimilation of CO 2 , led to increase in expenses of respiration, did not affect the level of transpiration, caused a decrease in WUE.”
Claim · model-written summary
One-day salicylic acid pretreatment worsened the low-temperature effect on CO2 assimilation.
- Taxon
- WHEAT PLANTTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- diurnal pretreatment of the SAe0
- Outcome
- negative effect of low temperature on the assimilation of CO 2e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the diurnal pretreatment of the SA increased the negative effect of low temperature on the assimilation of CO 2”
t0“CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEAT PLANT RESPONSES TO SHORT-TERM AND PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO SALICYLIC ACID UNDER OPTIMAL AND LOW TEMPERATURE”
Claim · model-written summary
One-day salicylic acid pretreatment increased respiration expense.
- Taxon
- WHEAT PLANTTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- diurnal pretreatment of the SAe1
- Outcome
- expenses of respiratione0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“led to increase in expenses of respiration”
t0“CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEAT PLANT RESPONSES TO SHORT-TERM AND PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO SALICYLIC ACID UNDER OPTIMAL AND LOW TEMPERATURE”
e1“It was shown that at a temperature of 22 °C, the prolonged action of SA led to a decrease in the rate of visible photosynthesis and the ratio of respiration in the process of CO 2 -gas exchange, did not affect water use efficiency (WUE), increased the biomass of shoot and root. On the contrary, diurnal exposure to SA had virtually no effect on the dynamics of CO 2 assimilation, reduced the ratio of respiration in CO 2 -gas exchange and transpiration, but increased the WUE. At a temperature of 4 °C, the continuous action of the SA contributed to maintaining the rate of photosynthesis at a higher level than in the control, reduced the ratio of respiration in CO 2 -gas exchange, increased WUE, and also stabilized the accumulation of plant biomass. In contrast, the diurnal pretreatment of the SA increased the negative effect of low temperature on the assimilation of CO 2 , led to increase in expenses of respiration, did not affect the level of transpiration, caused a decrease in WUE.”
Claim · model-written summary
One-day salicylic acid pretreatment did not affect transpiration.
- Taxon
- WHEAT PLANTTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- diurnal pretreatment of the SAe1
- Outcome
- level of transpiratione0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“did not affect the level of transpiration”
t0“CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEAT PLANT RESPONSES TO SHORT-TERM AND PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO SALICYLIC ACID UNDER OPTIMAL AND LOW TEMPERATURE”
e1“It was shown that at a temperature of 22 °C, the prolonged action of SA led to a decrease in the rate of visible photosynthesis and the ratio of respiration in the process of CO 2 -gas exchange, did not affect water use efficiency (WUE), increased the biomass of shoot and root. On the contrary, diurnal exposure to SA had virtually no effect on the dynamics of CO 2 assimilation, reduced the ratio of respiration in CO 2 -gas exchange and transpiration, but increased the WUE. At a temperature of 4 °C, the continuous action of the SA contributed to maintaining the rate of photosynthesis at a higher level than in the control, reduced the ratio of respiration in CO 2 -gas exchange, increased WUE, and also stabilized the accumulation of plant biomass. In contrast, the diurnal pretreatment of the SA increased the negative effect of low temperature on the assimilation of CO 2 , led to increase in expenses of respiration, did not affect the level of transpiration, caused a decrease in WUE.”
Claim · model-written summary
One-day salicylic acid pretreatment decreased water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- WHEAT PLANTTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- diurnal pretreatment of the SAe1
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“caused a decrease in WUE.”
t0“CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEAT PLANT RESPONSES TO SHORT-TERM AND PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO SALICYLIC ACID UNDER OPTIMAL AND LOW TEMPERATURE”
e1“It was shown that at a temperature of 22 °C, the prolonged action of SA led to a decrease in the rate of visible photosynthesis and the ratio of respiration in the process of CO 2 -gas exchange, did not affect water use efficiency (WUE), increased the biomass of shoot and root. On the contrary, diurnal exposure to SA had virtually no effect on the dynamics of CO 2 assimilation, reduced the ratio of respiration in CO 2 -gas exchange and transpiration, but increased the WUE. At a temperature of 4 °C, the continuous action of the SA contributed to maintaining the rate of photosynthesis at a higher level than in the control, reduced the ratio of respiration in CO 2 -gas exchange, increased WUE, and also stabilized the accumulation of plant biomass. In contrast, the diurnal pretreatment of the SA increased the negative effect of low temperature on the assimilation of CO 2 , led to increase in expenses of respiration, did not affect the level of transpiration, caused a decrease in WUE.”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous salicylic acid increased wheat cold tolerance under normal and low hardening temperatures.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- exogenous SAe0
- Outcome
- cold tolerancee0
- Direction
- growthe0
- Qualifier
- normal and low hardening temperaturese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the exogenous SA contributed to the growth of the cold tolerance of wheat in conditions of normal and low hardening temperatures.”
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