Abstract
In the current study, the effects of exogenously applied proline (25 and 50 mM) and low-temperature treatment were examined on the physiochemical parameters in the plants of two cultivars (V1 and V2) of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). The seeds were also exposed to chilling stress at 4 °C before sowing. Plants raised from the seeds treated with low temperature showed reduced plant growth and contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids, but they had significantly increased contents of malondialdehyde, proline, ascorbic acid, total free amino acids, total soluble sugars, and total phenolics, as well as the activity of the peroxidase (POD) enzyme. Cold stress applied to seeds remained almost ineffective in terms of bringing about changes in plant root, hydrogen peroxide, glycine betaine and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) enzymes. The exogenous application of proline significantly increased plant growth, the contents of chlorophyll, carotenoids, proline, ascorbic acid, total free amino acids, phenolics, and total soluble sugars, as well as the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT, but it decreased malondialdehyde content. Overall, foliar application of proline was better than the seed treatment in improving root dry weight, root length, chlorophyll a, carotenoids, glycine betaine, ascorbic acid and superoxide dismutase activity, whereas seed pre-treatment with proline was effective in improving shoot dry weight, shoot length, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and peroxidase activity in both quinoa cultivars.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Seed chilling reduced plant growth.
- Taxon
- quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)
Chenopodium quinoae1 - Treatment
- seeds treated with low temperaturee0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants raised from the seeds treated with low temperature showed reduced plant growth and contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids, but they had significantly increased contents of malondialdehyde, proline, ascorbic acid, total free amino acids, total soluble sugars, and total phenolics, as well as the activity of the peroxidase (POD) enzyme.”
e1“quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed chilling reduced contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids.
- Taxon
- quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)Chenopodium quinoae1
- Treatment
- seeds treated with low temperaturee0
- Outcome
- contents of chlorophyll and carotenoidse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants raised from the seeds treated with low temperature showed reduced plant growth and contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids, but they had significantly increased contents of malondialdehyde, proline, ascorbic acid, total free amino acids, total soluble sugars, and total phenolics, as well as the activity of the peroxidase (POD) enzyme.”
e1“quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed chilling increased contents of malondialdehyde, proline, ascorbic acid.
- Taxon
- quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)Chenopodium quinoae1
- Treatment
- seeds treated with low temperaturee0
- Outcome
- contents of malondialdehyde, proline, ascorbic acide0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants raised from the seeds treated with low temperature showed reduced plant growth and contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids, but they had significantly increased contents of malondialdehyde, proline, ascorbic acid, total free amino acids, total soluble sugars, and total phenolics, as well as the activity of the peroxidase (POD) enzyme.”
e1“quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed chilling increased total free amino acids, total soluble sugars, and total phenolics.
- Taxon
- quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)Chenopodium quinoae1
- Treatment
- seeds treated with low temperaturee0
- Outcome
- total free amino acids, total soluble sugars, and total phenolicse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants raised from the seeds treated with low temperature showed reduced plant growth and contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids, but they had significantly increased contents of malondialdehyde, proline, ascorbic acid, total free amino acids, total soluble sugars, and total phenolics, as well as the activity of the peroxidase (POD) enzyme.”
e1“quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed chilling increased activity of the peroxidase (POD) enzyme.
- Taxon
- quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)Chenopodium quinoae1
- Treatment
- seeds treated with low temperaturee0
- Outcome
- activity of the peroxidase (POD) enzymee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants raised from the seeds treated with low temperature showed reduced plant growth and contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids, but they had significantly increased contents of malondialdehyde, proline, ascorbic acid, total free amino acids, total soluble sugars, and total phenolics, as well as the activity of the peroxidase (POD) enzyme.”
e1“quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed cold stress was almost ineffective for plant root, hydrogen peroxide, glycine betaine.
- Taxon
- quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)Chenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- Cold stress applied to seedse0
- Outcome
- plant root, hydrogen peroxide, glycine betainee0
- Direction
- almost ineffectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cold stress applied to seeds remained almost ineffective in terms of bringing about changes in plant root, hydrogen peroxide, glycine betaine and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) enzymes.”
t0“quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed cold stress was almost ineffective for activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) enzymes.
- Taxon
- quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)Chenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- Cold stress applied to seedse0
- Outcome
- activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) enzymese0
- Direction
- almost ineffectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cold stress applied to seeds remained almost ineffective in terms of bringing about changes in plant root, hydrogen peroxide, glycine betaine and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) enzymes.”
t0“quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous proline increased plant growth.
- Taxon
- quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)Chenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of prolinee0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The exogenous application of proline significantly increased plant growth, the contents of chlorophyll, carotenoids, proline, ascorbic acid, total free amino acids, phenolics, and total soluble sugars, as well as the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT, but it decreased malondialdehyde content.”
t0“quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous proline increased contents of chlorophyll, carotenoids, proline.
- Taxon
- quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)Chenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of prolinee0
- Outcome
- contents of chlorophyll, carotenoids, prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The exogenous application of proline significantly increased plant growth, the contents of chlorophyll, carotenoids, proline, ascorbic acid, total free amino acids, phenolics, and total soluble sugars, as well as the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT, but it decreased malondialdehyde content.”
t0“quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous proline increased ascorbic acid, total free amino acids, phenolics.
- Taxon
- quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)Chenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of prolinee0
- Outcome
- ascorbic acid, total free amino acids, phenolicse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The exogenous application of proline significantly increased plant growth, the contents of chlorophyll, carotenoids, proline, ascorbic acid, total free amino acids, phenolics, and total soluble sugars, as well as the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT, but it decreased malondialdehyde content.”
t0“quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous proline increased total soluble sugars.
- Taxon
- quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)Chenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of prolinee0
- Outcome
- total soluble sugarse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The exogenous application of proline significantly increased plant growth, the contents of chlorophyll, carotenoids, proline, ascorbic acid, total free amino acids, phenolics, and total soluble sugars, as well as the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT, but it decreased malondialdehyde content.”
t0“quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous proline increased activities of SOD, POD, and CAT.
- Taxon
- quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)Chenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of prolinee0
- Outcome
- activities of SOD, POD, and CATe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The exogenous application of proline significantly increased plant growth, the contents of chlorophyll, carotenoids, proline, ascorbic acid, total free amino acids, phenolics, and total soluble sugars, as well as the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT, but it decreased malondialdehyde content.”
t0“quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous proline decreased malondialdehyde content.
- Taxon
- quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)Chenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of prolinee0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The exogenous application of proline significantly increased plant growth, the contents of chlorophyll, carotenoids, proline, ascorbic acid, total free amino acids, phenolics, and total soluble sugars, as well as the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT, but it decreased malondialdehyde content.”
t0“quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of proline was better for root dry weight, root length.
- Taxon
- quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)Chenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- foliar application of prolinee0
- Outcome
- root dry weight, root lengthe0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- seed treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overall, foliar application of proline was better than the seed treatment in improving root dry weight, root length, chlorophyll a, carotenoids, glycine betaine, ascorbic acid and superoxide dismutase activity, whereas seed pre-treatment with proline was effective in improving shoot dry weight, shoot length, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and peroxidase activity in both quinoa cultivars.”
t0“quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of proline was better for chlorophyll a, carotenoids, glycine betaine.
- Taxon
- quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)Chenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- foliar application of prolinee0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a, carotenoids, glycine betainee0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- seed treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overall, foliar application of proline was better than the seed treatment in improving root dry weight, root length, chlorophyll a, carotenoids, glycine betaine, ascorbic acid and superoxide dismutase activity, whereas seed pre-treatment with proline was effective in improving shoot dry weight, shoot length, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and peroxidase activity in both quinoa cultivars.”
t0“quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of proline was better for ascorbic acid and superoxide dismutase activity.
- Taxon
- quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)Chenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- foliar application of prolinee0
- Outcome
- ascorbic acid and superoxide dismutase activitye0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- seed treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overall, foliar application of proline was better than the seed treatment in improving root dry weight, root length, chlorophyll a, carotenoids, glycine betaine, ascorbic acid and superoxide dismutase activity, whereas seed pre-treatment with proline was effective in improving shoot dry weight, shoot length, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and peroxidase activity in both quinoa cultivars.”
t0“quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed pre-treatment of proline was better for shoot dry weight, shoot length.
- Taxon
- quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)Chenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- seed pre-treatment with prolinee0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weight, shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- effectivee0
- Comparator
- foliar application of prolinee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overall, foliar application of proline was better than the seed treatment in improving root dry weight, root length, chlorophyll a, carotenoids, glycine betaine, ascorbic acid and superoxide dismutase activity, whereas seed pre-treatment with proline was effective in improving shoot dry weight, shoot length, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and peroxidase activity in both quinoa cultivars.”
t0“quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed pre-treatment of proline was better for hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and peroxidase activity.
- Taxon
- quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)Chenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- seed pre-treatment with prolinee0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and peroxidase activitye0
- Direction
- effectivee0
- Comparator
- foliar application of prolinee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overall, foliar application of proline was better than the seed treatment in improving root dry weight, root length, chlorophyll a, carotenoids, glycine betaine, ascorbic acid and superoxide dismutase activity, whereas seed pre-treatment with proline was effective in improving shoot dry weight, shoot length, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and peroxidase activity in both quinoa cultivars.”
t0“quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)”
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See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.