Abstract
Field experiments were conducted in cotton fields, Gossypium barbadense L. variety Giza 86 at Zagazig District, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt during 2014 season. Four programs were applied with three respective sprays for each using commercial formulation of garlic extract Nat-108 and varied as spray start times and interval periods towards the development of more environmentally sound technologies for management of cotton aphids (Aphis gossyppii), cotton thrips (Thrips tabaci), sweet potato whitefly (Bemesia tabaci), spider mites (Tetranychus spp.), leafhoppers (Empoasca spp.), green stink bug (Nezara viridula), pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) and cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis). In addition to the side effects on several predators species found in cotton fields associated with cotton pests, such as, coccinellids, chrysopids, staphylinids, anthocorid, dipterous and true spiders were studied. Results, educed that the commercial formulation of garlic extract at the rate of 1 litter/100 litter water showed relatively high efficiency against aphids, leafhoppers and thrips, with maximum reduction percentages of 81.33, 82.51 and 84.12%, respectively; moderate efficiency against pink bollworm, whitefly, spider mites, green stink bug with maximum reduction percentages of 61.50, 78.89, 67.56 and 54.46%, respectively and low efficacy against predators except at the end season where the relatively highest reduction percentage was 62.91%, while it was less effective against the cotton leaf worm ranged 23.30-25.80% reduction in comparison with 70.56-90.00% reduction in cotton leafworm population for Dursban (chloropyrifose). So, the garlic extract cannot considered as a botanical pesticide against S. littoralis under cotton field conditions at Sharkia Governorate but needs more studies to evaluate its efficacy on different levels of S. littoralis infestation and stags. In regard to the programs results for garlic extract efficacy, it cleared that the first program tended to be the highest sustainable control of aphids, whitefly, thrips and spider mites on cotton plants, where the sprays started just after cotton plants emergence, whereas the numbers of pests were very low while the third program where the sprays started after 20 days of cotton plants emergence was tended to be the highest sustainable control of leafhoppers. In case of N. viridula, it could be decided that the organophosphorous pesticide, Dursban can be used as effective insecticide especially at the end season period. Finally, garlic extract was tended to be safe to predators especially throughout its effective activity period during the period from seedling to the end of growing season of cotton plants that confirmed by the results of the third program which ranged 2.57-21.46% reduction percentages in predators population. So, garlic extract could be recommended to be used effectively against cotton aphids, leafhoppers, cotton thrips and pink bollworm in IPM program of cotton pests in cotton fields. The organophosphorous compound, Dursban can be considered as good control pesticide against tested pests recorded reduction percentages ranged 56.99-96.99% but caused serious damage to associated predators on cotton plants at the end of season period recorded reduction percentages reached to 99.76% that disturbed the natural balance in cotton cultivation area environment.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract reduced cotton aphids by up to 81.33%.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- garlic extract at the rate of 1 litter/100 litter watere0
- Interactor
- aphidsAphidomorphae0pest
- Outcome
- aphidse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 81.33e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“garlic extract at the rate of 1 litter/100 litter water showed relatively high efficiency against aphids, leafhoppers and thrips, with maximum reduction percentages of 81.33, 82.51 and 84.12%, respectively”
t0“COTTON”
t1“GARLIC EXTRACT”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract reduced leafhoppers by up to 82.51%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- garlic extract at the rate of 1 litter/100 litter watere0
- Interactor
- leafhoppersCicadellidaee0pest
- Outcome
- leafhopperse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 82.51e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“garlic extract at the rate of 1 litter/100 litter water showed relatively high efficiency against aphids, leafhoppers and thrips, with maximum reduction percentages of 81.33, 82.51 and 84.12%, respectively”
t0“COTTON”
t1“GARLIC EXTRACT”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract reduced thrips by up to 84.12%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- garlic extract at the rate of 1 litter/100 litter watere0
- Outcome
- thripse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 84.12%e0
ThripsNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“garlic extract at the rate of 1 litter/100 litter water showed relatively high efficiency against aphids, leafhoppers and thrips, with maximum reduction percentages of 81.33, 82.51 and 84.12%, respectively”
t0“COTTON”
t1“GARLIC EXTRACT”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract reduced pink bollworm by up to 61.50%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- garlic extractt1
- Interactor
- pink bollworm
Pectinophora gossypiellae0pest - Outcome
- pink bollworme0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 61.50e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderate efficiency against pink bollworm, whitefly, spider mites, green stink bug with maximum reduction percentages of 61.50, 78.89, 67.56 and 54.46%, respectively”
t0“COTTON”
t1“GARLIC EXTRACT”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract reduced whitefly by up to 78.89%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- garlic extractt1
- Interactor
- whiteflye0pest
- Outcome
- whiteflye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 78.89e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderate efficiency against pink bollworm, whitefly, spider mites, green stink bug with maximum reduction percentages of 61.50, 78.89, 67.56 and 54.46%, respectively”
t0“COTTON”
t1“GARLIC EXTRACT”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract reduced spider mites by up to 67.56%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- garlic extractt1
- Interactor
- spider mitesTetranychidaee0pest
- Outcome
- spider mitese0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 67.56e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderate efficiency against pink bollworm, whitefly, spider mites, green stink bug with maximum reduction percentages of 61.50, 78.89, 67.56 and 54.46%, respectively”
t0“COTTON”
t1“GARLIC EXTRACT”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract reduced green stink bug by up to 54.46%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- garlic extractt1
- Interactor
- green stink buge0pest
- Outcome
- green stink buge0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 54.46%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderate efficiency against pink bollworm, whitefly, spider mites, green stink bug with maximum reduction percentages of 61.50, 78.89, 67.56 and 54.46%, respectively”
t0“COTTON”
t1“GARLIC EXTRACT”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract reduced predators by up to 62.91% at season end.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- garlic extractt1
- Interactor
- predatorse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- predatorse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 62.91%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low efficacy against predators except at the end season where the relatively highest reduction percentage was 62.91%”
t0“COTTON”
t1“GARLIC EXTRACT”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract reduced cotton leafworm by 23.30-25.80%, compared with 70.56-90.00% for Dursban.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- garlic extractt1
- Interactor
- cotton leafworme0pest
- Outcome
- cotton leafworm populatione0
- Direction
- less effectivee0
- Value
- 23.30-25.80%e0
- Qualifier
- 70.56-90.00%e0
- Comparator
- Dursbane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“less effective against the cotton leaf worm ranged 23.30-25.80% reduction in comparison with 70.56-90.00% reduction in cotton leafworm population for Dursban (chloropyrifose)”
t0“COTTON”
t1“GARLIC EXTRACT”
Claim · model-written summary
The first garlic program gave the highest sustained control of aphids, whitefly, thrips, and spider mites.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- first programe0
- Outcome
- highest sustainable control of aphids, whitefly, thrips and spider mitese0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the first program tended to be the highest sustainable control of aphids, whitefly, thrips and spider mites on cotton plants, where the sprays started just after cotton plants emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
The third garlic program gave the highest sustained leafhopper control.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- third programe0
- Interactor
- leafhoppersCicadellidaee0pest
- Outcome
- control of leafhopperse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the third program where the sprays started after 20 days of cotton plants emergence was tended to be the highest sustainable control of leafhoppers”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend Dursban for N. viridula control near season end.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Interactor
- N. viridula
Nezara viridulae0pest - Outcome
- Dursban can be used as effective insecticidee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In case of N. viridula, it could be decided that the organophosphorous pesticide, Dursban can be used as effective insecticide especially at the end season period”
t0“COTTON”
t1“GARLIC EXTRACT”
Claim · model-written summary
The third garlic program reduced predator populations by 2.57-21.46%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- third programe0
- Interactor
- predatorse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- predators populatione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 2.57-21.46%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the third program which ranged 2.57-21.46% reduction percentages in predators population”
t0“COTTON”
t1“GARLIC EXTRACT”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend garlic extract for control of cotton aphids, leafhoppers, thrips and pink bollworm in IPM.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Outcome
- garlic extract could be recommended to be used effectivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“garlic extract could be recommended to be used effectively against cotton aphids, leafhoppers, cotton thrips and pink bollworm in IPM program of cotton pests in cotton fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Dursban reduced tested pests by 56.99-96.99%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Dursbane0
- Interactor
- tested pestse0pest
- Outcome
- tested pestse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 56.99-96.99%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dursban can be considered as good control pesticide against tested pests recorded reduction percentages ranged 56.99-96.99%”
t0“COTTON”
t1“GARLIC EXTRACT”
Claim · model-written summary
Dursban reduced associated predator populations by up to 99.76% near season end.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Dursbane1
- Interactor
- predatorse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- associated predatorse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 99.76%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“caused serious damage to associated predators on cotton plants at the end of season period recorded reduction percentages reached to 99.76%”
e1“Dursban can be considered as good control pesticide”
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