Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different application rates of nitrogen and phosphorus on seed-cotton yield and total biomass of cotton (G. hirsutum L.), grown during the period 2012-2014 in Chirpan, Bulgaria, in crop-rotation with durum wheat under non-irrigated conditions. The soil type was Leached vertisols. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Single and combined nitrogen as NH4NO3 in rates 0; 80; 120 and 160 kg.ha-1 and phosphorus in rates 0; 80 and 120 kg.ha-1 were tested. The year conditions had greatest share in the total variation of the factors – 67.4 %. The N influence on seed-cotton yield was 13.0 % and of phosphorus - 0.45 % of total variation. No significant differences in the total seed-cotton yield occurred as a function of the NP interaction. The nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers used in cotton production remain important, as N has a decisive influence, while phosphorus has less effect. Under the influence of N fertilization, the total seed-cotton yield significantly increased by 26.6-32.9 % compared to the check (1.32 t.ha-1), and under fertilization P120– by 2.9 %. An alone phosphorous fertilization was not cost-effective agronomic activity. Application of increasing NP rates in different rates showed good economic results regarding the yield. The maximum effective yield and net return from cotton cultiar Darmi can be secured by application of N120-160P80-120 to cotton crop at Central South Bulgaria - 26.6-37.8 % more than the unfertilized. Total average dry biomass at maturity was 5.51 t.ha-1. The total dry matter was more than the unfertilized by 24.0; 40.8 and 62.8 % at N80, N120 and N160 respectively. The phosphorous fertilization increased the yield of biomass by 7.6 % at P80 and by 3.4 % at P120. The year conditions had strong effect on seed-cotton yield and total biomass. The main reason for the high yields in 2014 for all tested rates, as well as the control, was the very good combination of temperature and rainfall during the vegetation period.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization increased seed-cotton yield by 26.6-32.9% relative to the check in cotton grown at Chirpan, Bulgaria.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Treatment
- N fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- seed-cotton yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 26.6-32.9 %e1
- Comparator
- the checke1
- Setting
- Chirpan, Bulgariae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed-cotton yield and total biomass of cotton (G. hirsutum L.), grown during the period 2012-2014 in Chirpan, Bulgaria, in crop-rotation with durum wheat under non-irrigated conditions”
e1“Under the influence of N fertilization, the total seed-cotton yield significantly increased by 26.6-32.9 % compared to the check (1.32 t.ha-1), and under fertilization P120– by 2.9 %”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus fertilization at P120 increased seed-cotton yield by 2.9% relative to the check.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- fertilization P120e1
- Outcome
- seed-cotton yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 2.9 %e1
- Comparator
- the checke1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed-cotton yield and total biomass of cotton (G. hirsutum L.), grown during the period 2012-2014 in Chirpan, Bulgaria, in crop-rotation with durum wheat under non-irrigated conditions”
e1“Under the influence of N fertilization, the total seed-cotton yield significantly increased by 26.6-32.9 % compared to the check (1.32 t.ha-1), and under fertilization P120– by 2.9 %”
Claim · model-written summary
No significant difference in total seed-cotton yield resulted from the NP interaction.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- NP interactione2
- Outcome
- total seed-cotton yielde2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed-cotton yield and total biomass of cotton (G. hirsutum L.), grown during the period 2012-2014 in Chirpan, Bulgaria, in crop-rotation with durum wheat under non-irrigated conditions”
e2“No significant differences in the total seed-cotton yield occurred as a function of the NP interaction”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen influence explained 13.0% of total variation in seed-cotton yield.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Ne3
- Outcome
- seed-cotton yielde3
- Value
- 13.0 %e3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed-cotton yield and total biomass of cotton (G. hirsutum L.), grown during the period 2012-2014 in Chirpan, Bulgaria, in crop-rotation with durum wheat under non-irrigated conditions”
e3“The N influence on seed-cotton yield was 13.0 % and of phosphorus - 0.45 % of total variation”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus influence explained 0.45% of total variation in seed-cotton yield.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- phosphoruse3
- Outcome
- seed-cotton yielde3
- Value
- 0.45 %e3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed-cotton yield and total biomass of cotton (G. hirsutum L.), grown during the period 2012-2014 in Chirpan, Bulgaria, in crop-rotation with durum wheat under non-irrigated conditions”
e3“The N influence on seed-cotton yield was 13.0 % and of phosphorus - 0.45 % of total variation”
Claim · model-written summary
Year conditions had the greatest share (67.4%) of total variation of the factors.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- year conditionse4
- Outcome
- share in the total variation of the factorse4
- Value
- 67.4 %e4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed-cotton yield and total biomass of cotton (G. hirsutum L.), grown during the period 2012-2014 in Chirpan, Bulgaria, in crop-rotation with durum wheat under non-irrigated conditions”
e4“The year conditions had greatest share in the total variation of the factors – 67.4 %”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus fertilization alone was not cost-effective for cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- alone phosphorous fertilizatione6
- Outcome
- cost-effective agronomic activitye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed-cotton yield and total biomass of cotton (G. hirsutum L.), grown during the period 2012-2014 in Chirpan, Bulgaria, in crop-rotation with durum wheat under non-irrigated conditions”
e6“An alone phosphorous fertilization was not cost-effective agronomic activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing NP rates showed good economic results regarding cotton yield.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- increasing NP ratese7
- Outcome
- economic results regarding the yielde7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed-cotton yield and total biomass of cotton (G. hirsutum L.), grown during the period 2012-2014 in Chirpan, Bulgaria, in crop-rotation with durum wheat under non-irrigated conditions”
e7“Application of increasing NP rates in different rates showed good economic results regarding the yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of N120-160P80-120 is recommended to secure maximum effective yield and net return of cultivar Darmi at Central South Bulgaria.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Material
- Darmie1
- Treatment
- application of N120-160P80-120e1
- Outcome
- maximum effective yield and net returne1
- Setting
- Central South Bulgariae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The maximum effective yield and net return from cotton cultiar Darmi can be secured by application of N120-160P80-120 to cotton crop at Central South Bulgaria”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of N120-160P80-120 gave cotton yield 26.6-37.8% above the unfertilized control.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- application of N120-160P80-120e1
- Outcome
- maximum effective yield and net returne1
- Direction
- moree2
- Value
- 26.6-37.8 %e2
- Comparator
- unfertilizede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The maximum effective yield and net return from cotton cultiar Darmi can be secured by application of N120-160P80-120 to cotton crop at Central South Bulgaria”
e2“26.6-37.8 % more than the unfertilized”
Claim · model-written summary
Total average dry biomass at maturity of cotton was 5.51 t/ha.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Outcome
- Total average dry biomass at maturitye1
- Value
- 5.51 t.ha-1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed-cotton yield and total biomass of cotton (G. hirsutum L.), grown during the period 2012-2014 in Chirpan, Bulgaria, in crop-rotation with durum wheat under non-irrigated conditions”
e1“Total average dry biomass at maturity was 5.51 t.ha-1”
Claim · model-written summary
Total dry matter was 24.0% higher than the unfertilized control at N80.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- N80e1
- Outcome
- total dry mattere1
- Direction
- moree1
- Value
- 24.0e1
- Comparator
- unfertilizede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed-cotton yield and total biomass of cotton (G. hirsutum L.), grown during the period 2012-2014 in Chirpan, Bulgaria, in crop-rotation with durum wheat under non-irrigated conditions”
e1“The total dry matter was more than the unfertilized by 24.0; 40.8 and 62.8 % at N80, N120 and N160 respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Total dry matter was 40.8% higher than the unfertilized control at N120.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- N120e1
- Outcome
- total dry mattere1
- Direction
- moree1
- Value
- 40.8e1
- Comparator
- unfertilizede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed-cotton yield and total biomass of cotton (G. hirsutum L.), grown during the period 2012-2014 in Chirpan, Bulgaria, in crop-rotation with durum wheat under non-irrigated conditions”
e1“The total dry matter was more than the unfertilized by 24.0; 40.8 and 62.8 % at N80, N120 and N160 respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Total dry matter was 62.8% higher than the unfertilized control at N160.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- N160e1
- Outcome
- total dry mattere1
- Direction
- moree1
- Value
- 62.8 %e1
- Comparator
- unfertilizede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed-cotton yield and total biomass of cotton (G. hirsutum L.), grown during the period 2012-2014 in Chirpan, Bulgaria, in crop-rotation with durum wheat under non-irrigated conditions”
e1“The total dry matter was more than the unfertilized by 24.0; 40.8 and 62.8 % at N80, N120 and N160 respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus fertilization at P80 increased biomass yield by 7.6%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- P80e1
- Outcome
- yield of biomasse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 7.6 %e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed-cotton yield and total biomass of cotton (G. hirsutum L.), grown during the period 2012-2014 in Chirpan, Bulgaria, in crop-rotation with durum wheat under non-irrigated conditions”
e1“The phosphorous fertilization increased the yield of biomass by 7.6 % at P80 and by 3.4 % at P120”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus fertilization at P120 increased biomass yield by 3.4%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- P120e1
- Outcome
- yield of biomasse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 3.4 %e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed-cotton yield and total biomass of cotton (G. hirsutum L.), grown during the period 2012-2014 in Chirpan, Bulgaria, in crop-rotation with durum wheat under non-irrigated conditions”
e1“The phosphorous fertilization increased the yield of biomass by 7.6 % at P80 and by 3.4 % at P120”
Claim · model-written summary
Year conditions had a strong effect on cotton seed yield and total biomass.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- year conditionse1
- Outcome
- seed-cotton yield and total biomasse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed-cotton yield and total biomass of cotton (G. hirsutum L.), grown during the period 2012-2014 in Chirpan, Bulgaria, in crop-rotation with durum wheat under non-irrigated conditions”
e1“The year conditions had strong effect on seed-cotton yield and total biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
The high cotton yields in 2014 were explained by a very good combination of temperature and rainfall during the vegetation period.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Outcome
- high yields in 2014e1
- Qualifier
- the very good combination of temperature and rainfall during the vegetation periode1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed-cotton yield and total biomass of cotton (G. hirsutum L.), grown during the period 2012-2014 in Chirpan, Bulgaria, in crop-rotation with durum wheat under non-irrigated conditions”
e1“The main reason for the high yields in 2014 for all tested rates, as well as the control, was the very good combination of temperature and rainfall during the vegetation period”
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