Abstract
Biological nitrogen fixation and plant hormone synthesis promoted by Azospirillum spp. bacteria play a role in enhancing crop productivity and reducing losses. This may constitute a strategy to enhance crop productivity and reducing losses, thereby increasing nitrogen fertilization efficiency. This research aimed to evaluate the effects of Azospirillum brasilense Ab-V5 and Ab-V6 strain inoculation and nitrogen fertilization on the agronomic characteristics and productivity of two maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) AS 1572 and AG 9030. Experiments were carried out at Santa Maria, RS, Brazil in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 growing seasons using a 2 × 2 × 5 factorial arrangement to distribute two maize hybrids, inoculated, or not, with Azospirillum brasilense, and five nitrogen doses (0, 60, 120, 240, and 480 kg ha−1). Kernel yield, mass, and dimensions, as well as kernel number on the cobs, stalk diameter, plant height, ear insertion height, prolificacy, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and their correlations were measured. Compared to uninoculated plants, higher kernel yield (p < 0.05) was observed for AS 1572 hybrid when inoculated with A. brasilense, with an increase of 0.978 Mg ha−1 or 10.95%. This effect was primarily due to the higher NUE rate and the increase (p < 0.05) in the number of kernels per cob. The AG 9030 hybrid showed no response to inoculation. A. brasilense inoculation increased the NUE rate of the AS 1572 hybrid in the condition N zero dose at N 60 kg ha−1 dose. Nitrogen fertilization increased crop productivity, notably by raising kernel mass and other productivity components, but reduced the NUE rate. The maximum technical efficiency obtained for the AS 1572 hybrid was of 10.705 Mg ha−1 with a N dose of 342 kg ha−1, whereas the AG 9030 hybrid produced a maximum grain yield of 10.089 Mg ha−1 with a dose of 350 kg ha−1 of N. We conclude that the inoculation with A. brasilense increases NUE, maize grain yield, and agronomic characteristic in the AS 1572 hybrid.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with A. brasilense increased kernel yield of AS 1572 maize over uninoculated plants.
- Material
- AS 1572e0
- Treatment
- inoculated with A. brasilensee3
- Interactor
- A. brasilense
Azospirillum brasilensee3symbiont - Outcome
- kernel yielde3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 0.978 Mg ha−1 or 10.95%e3
- Comparator
- uninoculated plantse3
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) AS 1572 and AG 9030”
e3“Compared to uninoculated plants, higher kernel yield (p < 0.05) was observed for AS 1572 hybrid when inoculated with A. brasilense, with an increase of 0.978 Mg ha−1 or 10.95%”
Claim · model-written summary
The AS 1572 kernel yield increase from inoculation was mainly explained by a higher NUE rate.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) AS 1572 and AG 9030”
e3“Compared to uninoculated plants, higher kernel yield (p < 0.05) was observed for AS 1572 hybrid when inoculated with A. brasilense, with an increase of 0.978 Mg ha−1 or 10.95%”
e4“This effect was primarily due to the higher NUE rate and the increase (p < 0.05) in the number of kernels per cob”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with A. brasilense increased the number of kernels per cob in AS 1572 maize.
- Material
- AS 1572e0
- Treatment
- inoculated with A. brasilensee3
- Outcome
- number of kernels per cobe4
- Direction
- increasee4
- Comparator
- uninoculated plantse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) AS 1572 and AG 9030”
e3“Compared to uninoculated plants, higher kernel yield (p < 0.05) was observed for AS 1572 hybrid when inoculated with A. brasilense, with an increase of 0.978 Mg ha−1 or 10.95%”
e4“This effect was primarily due to the higher NUE rate and the increase (p < 0.05) in the number of kernels per cob”
Claim · model-written summary
The AG 9030 maize hybrid showed no response to inoculation.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) AS 1572 and AG 9030”
e5“The AG 9030 hybrid showed no response to inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
A. brasilense inoculation increased the NUE rate of AS 1572 maize at zero N and at 60 kg ha−1 N.
- Material
- AS 1572e0
- Treatment
- A. brasilense inoculatione6
- Interactor
- A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee6symbiont
- Outcome
- NUE ratee6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Qualifier
- N zero dose at N 60 kg ha−1 dosee6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) AS 1572 and AG 9030”
e6“A. brasilense inoculation increased the NUE rate of the AS 1572 hybrid in the condition N zero dose at N 60 kg ha−1 dose”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization increased maize crop productivity, mainly through kernel mass and other productivity components.
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilizatione7
- Outcome
- crop productivitye7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Qualifier
- notably by raising kernel mass and other productivity componentse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) AS 1572 and AG 9030”
e7“Nitrogen fertilization increased crop productivity, notably by raising kernel mass and other productivity components, but reduced the NUE rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization reduced the NUE rate of maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) AS 1572 and AG 9030”
e7“Nitrogen fertilization increased crop productivity, notably by raising kernel mass and other productivity components, but reduced the NUE rate”
Claim · model-written summary
AS 1572 reached a maximum technical efficiency of 10.705 Mg ha−1 at a N dose of 342 kg ha−1.
- Material
- AS 1572e1
- Treatment
- a N dose of 342 kg ha−1e1
- Outcome
- maximum technical efficiencye1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 10.705 Mg ha−1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) AS 1572 and AG 9030”
e1“The maximum technical efficiency obtained for the AS 1572 hybrid was of 10.705 Mg ha−1 with a N dose of 342 kg ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
AG 9030 reached a maximum grain yield of 10.089 Mg ha−1 at a N dose of 350 kg ha−1.
- Material
- AG 9030e1
- Treatment
- a dose of 350 kg ha−1 of Ne1
- Outcome
- maximum grain yielde1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 10.089 Mg ha−1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) AS 1572 and AG 9030”
e1“the AG 9030 hybrid produced a maximum grain yield of 10.089 Mg ha−1 with a dose of 350 kg ha−1 of N”
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