Abstract
The high cost of cultivation and weed management are major limiting factors to increasing soybean productivity and net returns. Field experiments were conducted in 2016 and 2017 at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta to evaluate the economic performance of different row spacings and integrated weed management system in soybean. Three row spacings (50, 75 and 100 cm) as the main plots and six weed control methods and a weedy check as sub-plot treatments were accommodated in a split-plot arrangement of a randomized complete block design with three replications. There was a significant reduction in weed biomass with a reduction in row spacing from 100 cm to 75 cm and 50 cm. Furthermore, the cost of production, grain yield and gross profit increased with a reduction in row spacing from 100 to 75 and 50. When soybean was sown at 50-cm row spacing, the application of Probaben 400EC (metolachlor 20% w/v + prometryn 20% w/v) or Butachlor 60EC (butachlor) at 2.0 kg a.i/ha each followed by supplementary hoe-weeding at 6 weeks after sowing (WAS) resulted in the highest yield of 2301-2484 kg/ha and total revenue of 2129-1972 $/ha. Conversely, three hoe-weedings resulted in the highest yield of 2155-2081 kg/ha and total revenue of 1848-1783 $/ha for crops grown at 75- and 100-cm row spacings. Despite the higher yield and revenue obtained with three hoe-weedings for crops grown at 75- and 100-cm row spacings, the gross profit and benefit-cost ratios obtained were lower than those obtained with herbicide treatments applied alone or followed by supplementary hoe-weeding. In terms of profitability, soybean planted at 50-cm row spacing and treated with Probaben 400EC at 2.0 kg a.i/ha followed by supplementary hoe-weeding gave the highest gross profit of 1479 $/ha. Two or three hoe-weedings in soybean planted at narrow-row (50 cm) spacing did not guarantee the highest yield, but rather increased the cost of weed control. This study suggests that narrow-row spacing (50 cm) and pre-emergence herbicides will help to reduce the number of hoe-weedings and consequently the high cost of production required for optimum yield and increase profitability in soybean production.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-sa. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Narrower soybean rows significantly reduced weed biomass.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- reduction in row spacing from 100 cm to 75 cm and 50 cme0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed biomasse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- 100 cme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant reduction in weed biomass with a reduction in row spacing from 100 cm to 75 cm and 50 cm”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Cost of production increased as soybean row spacing fell from 100 to 75 and 50 cm.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- reduction in row spacing from 100 to 75 and 50e0
- Outcome
- cost of productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- 100e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cost of production, grain yield and gross profit increased with a reduction in row spacing from 100 to 75 and 50”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean grain yield increased as row spacing fell from 100 to 75 and 50 cm.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- reduction in row spacing from 100 to 75 and 50e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- 100e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cost of production, grain yield and gross profit increased with a reduction in row spacing from 100 to 75 and 50”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean gross profit increased as row spacing fell from 100 to 75 and 50 cm.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- reduction in row spacing from 100 to 75 and 50e0
- Outcome
- gross profite0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- 100e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cost of production, grain yield and gross profit increased with a reduction in row spacing from 100 to 75 and 50”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
At 50-cm spacing, Probaben plus hoe-weeding produced one of the highest soybean yields.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Probaben 400EC (metolachlor 20% w/v + prometryn 20% w/v)e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2301-2484 kg/hae0
- Qualifier
- 50-cm row spacinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When soybean was sown at 50-cm row spacing, the application of Probaben 400EC (metolachlor 20% w/v + prometryn 20% w/v) or Butachlor 60EC (butachlor) at 2.0 kg a.i/ha each followed by supplementary hoe-weeding at 6 weeks after sowing (WAS) resulted in the highest yield of 2301-2484 kg/ha and total revenue of 2129-1972 $/ha”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
At 50-cm spacing, Butachlor plus hoe-weeding produced one of the highest soybean yields.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Butachlor 60EC (butachlor) at 2.0 kg a.i/ha each followed by supplementary hoe-weeding at 6 weeks after sowing (WAS)e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2301-2484 kg/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Butachlor 60EC (butachlor) at 2.0 kg a.i/ha each followed by supplementary hoe-weeding at 6 weeks after sowing (WAS) resulted in the highest yield of 2301-2484 kg/ha”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
At 50-cm spacing, these herbicide and hoe-weeding treatments yielded the highest total revenue.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- total revenuee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2129-1972 $/hae0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulted in the highest yield of 2301-2484 kg/ha and total revenue of 2129-1972 $/ha”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Three hoe-weedings gave the highest yield at 75- and 100-cm soybean spacing.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- three hoe-weedingse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2155-2081 kg/hae0
- Qualifier
- 75- and 100-cm row spacingse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three hoe-weedings resulted in the highest yield of 2155-2081 kg/ha and total revenue of 1848-1783 $/ha for crops grown at 75- and 100-cm row spacings”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Three hoe-weedings gave the highest revenue at 75- and 100-cm soybean spacing.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- three hoe-weedingse0
- Outcome
- total revenuee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1848-1783 $/hae0
- Qualifier
- 75- and 100-cm row spacingse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three hoe-weedings resulted in the highest yield of 2155-2081 kg/ha and total revenue of 1848-1783 $/ha for crops grown at 75- and 100-cm row spacings”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
At 75- and 100-cm spacing, three hoe-weedings had lower gross profit than herbicide treatments.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- three hoe-weedingse0
- Outcome
- gross profite0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- herbicide treatments applied alone or followed by supplementary hoe-weedinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three hoe-weedings for crops grown at 75- and 100-cm row spacings, the gross profit and benefit-cost ratios obtained were lower than those obtained with herbicide treatments applied alone or followed by supplementary hoe-weeding”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
At 75- and 100-cm spacing, three hoe-weedings had lower benefit-cost ratios than herbicide treatments.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- three hoe-weedingse0
- Outcome
- benefit-cost ratiose0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- herbicide treatments applied alone or followed by supplementary hoe-weedinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three hoe-weedings for crops grown at 75- and 100-cm row spacings, the gross profit and benefit-cost ratios obtained were lower than those obtained with herbicide treatments applied alone or followed by supplementary hoe-weeding”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Probaben plus hoe-weeding at 50-cm spacing had the highest gross profit of 1479 $/ha.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Probaben 400EC at 2.0 kg a.i/ha followed by supplementary hoe-weedinge0
- Outcome
- gross profite0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1479 $/hae0
- Qualifier
- 50-cm row spacinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean planted at 50-cm row spacing and treated with Probaben 400EC at 2.0 kg a.i/ha followed by supplementary hoe-weeding gave the highest gross profit of 1479 $/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Two or three hoe-weedings at 50-cm spacing did not give the highest soybean yield.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Two or three hoe-weedingse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- did not guarantee the higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two or three hoe-weedings in soybean planted at narrow-row (50 cm) spacing did not guarantee the highest yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Two or three hoe-weedings at 50-cm spacing increased weed-control cost.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Two or three hoe-weedingse0
- Outcome
- cost of weed controle0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two or three hoe-weedings in soybean planted at narrow-row (50 cm) spacing did not guarantee the highest yield, but rather increased the cost of weed control”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend narrow rows and pre-emergence herbicides to reduce hoe-weeding and production costs while optimizing soybean yield and profit.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- narrow-row spacing (50 cm) and pre-emergence herbicidese0
- Outcome
- reduce the number of hoe-weedings and consequently the high cost of production required for optimum yield and increase profitabilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“narrow-row spacing (50 cm) and pre-emergence herbicides will help to reduce the number of hoe-weedings and consequently the high cost of production required for optimum yield and increase profitability in soybean production”
The same questions in other papers
metolachlor · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
16 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
17 papers more in this group
See all 21 papers →prometryn · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →butachlor · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →density · weed · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
20 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
27 papers more in this group
See all 31 papers →density · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
206 papers in the same direction as this paper · 94 in the opposite direction · 4 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
301 papers more in this group
See all 305 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.