Abstract
Abstract Field experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 at Kansas State University Ashland Bottoms (KSU-AB) research farm near Manhattan, KS, and Kansas State University Agricultural Research Center (KSU-ARC) near Hays, KS, to determine the effectiveness of various PRE-applied herbicide premixes and tank mixtures alone or followed by (fb) an early POST (EPOST) treatment of glyphosate + dicamba for controlling glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth in glyphosate/dicamba-resistant (GDR) soybean. In experiment 1, PRE-applied sulfentrazone + S -metolachlor, saflufenacil + imazethapyr + pyroxasulfone, chlorimuron + flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone, and metribuzin + flumioxazin + imazethapyr provided 85% to 94% end-of-season control of GR Palmer amaranth across both sites. In comparison, Palmer amaranth control ranged from 63% to 87% at final evaluation with PRE-applied pyroxasulfone + sulfentrazone, pyroxasulfone + sulfentrazone plus metribuzin, pyroxasulfone + sulfentrazone plus carfentrazone + sulfentrazone, and sulfentrazone + metribuzin at the KSU-ARC site in experiment 2. All PRE fb EPOST (i.e., two-pass) programs provided near-complete (98% to 100%) control of GR Palmer amaranth at both sites. PRE-alone programs reduced Palmer amaranth shoot biomass by 35% to 76% in experiment 1 at both sites, whereas all two-pass programs prevented Palmer amaranth biomass production. No differences in soybean yields were observed among tested programs in experiment 1 at KSU-ARC site; however, PRE-alone sulfentrazone + S -metolachlor, saflufenacil + imazethapyr + pyroxasulfone, and chlorimuron + flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone had lower grain yield (average, 4,342 kg ha −1 ) compared with the top yielding (4,832 kg ha −1 ) treatment at the KSU-AB site. PRE-applied sulfentrazone + metribuzin had a lower soybean yield (1,776 kg ha −1 ) compared with all other programs in experiment 2 at the KSU-ARC site. These results suggest growers should proactively adopt effective PRE-applied premixes fb EPOST programs evaluated in this study to reduce selection pressure from multiple POST dicamba applications for GR Palmer amaranth control in GDR soybean.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
PRE-applied sulfentrazone + S-metolachlor provided 85% to 94% end-of-season control of GR Palmer amaranth.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- sulfentrazone + S -metolachlore1
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- end-of-season control of GR Palmer amaranthe1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 85% to 94%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“glyphosate/dicamba-resistant soybean”
e0“controlling glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth”
e1“PRE-applied sulfentrazone + S -metolachlor, saflufenacil + imazethapyr + pyroxasulfone, chlorimuron + flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone, and metribuzin + flumioxazin + imazethapyr provided 85% to 94% end-of-season control of GR Palmer amaranth across both sites”
Claim · model-written summary
PRE-applied saflufenacil + imazethapyr + pyroxasulfone provided 85% to 94% end-of-season control of GR Palmer amaranth.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- saflufenacil + imazethapyr + pyroxasulfonee1
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- end-of-season control of GR Palmer amaranthe1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 85% to 94%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“glyphosate/dicamba-resistant soybean”
e0“controlling glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth”
e1“PRE-applied sulfentrazone + S -metolachlor, saflufenacil + imazethapyr + pyroxasulfone, chlorimuron + flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone, and metribuzin + flumioxazin + imazethapyr provided 85% to 94% end-of-season control of GR Palmer amaranth across both sites”
Claim · model-written summary
PRE-applied chlorimuron + flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone provided 85% to 94% end-of-season control of GR Palmer amaranth.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- chlorimuron + flumioxazin + pyroxasulfonee1
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- end-of-season control of GR Palmer amaranthe1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 85% to 94%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“glyphosate/dicamba-resistant soybean”
e0“controlling glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth”
e1“PRE-applied sulfentrazone + S -metolachlor, saflufenacil + imazethapyr + pyroxasulfone, chlorimuron + flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone, and metribuzin + flumioxazin + imazethapyr provided 85% to 94% end-of-season control of GR Palmer amaranth across both sites”
Claim · model-written summary
PRE-applied metribuzin + flumioxazin + imazethapyr provided 85% to 94% end-of-season control of GR Palmer amaranth.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- metribuzin + flumioxazin + imazethapyre1
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- end-of-season control of GR Palmer amaranthe1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 85% to 94%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“glyphosate/dicamba-resistant soybean”
e0“controlling glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth”
e1“PRE-applied sulfentrazone + S -metolachlor, saflufenacil + imazethapyr + pyroxasulfone, chlorimuron + flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone, and metribuzin + flumioxazin + imazethapyr provided 85% to 94% end-of-season control of GR Palmer amaranth across both sites”
Claim · model-written summary
PRE-applied pyroxasulfone + sulfentrazone provided 63% to 87% Palmer amaranth control at the KSU-ARC site.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- pyroxasulfone + sulfentrazonee2
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranth controle2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- 63% to 87%e2
- Setting
- KSU-ARC sitee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“glyphosate/dicamba-resistant soybean”
e0“controlling glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth”
e2“Palmer amaranth control ranged from 63% to 87% at final evaluation with PRE-applied pyroxasulfone + sulfentrazone, pyroxasulfone + sulfentrazone plus metribuzin, pyroxasulfone + sulfentrazone plus carfentrazone + sulfentrazone, and sulfentrazone + metribuzin at the KSU-ARC site in experiment 2”
Claim · model-written summary
PRE-applied pyroxasulfone + sulfentrazone plus metribuzin provided 63% to 87% Palmer amaranth control at the KSU-ARC site.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- pyroxasulfone + sulfentrazone plus metribuzine2
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranth controle2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- 63% to 87%e2
- Setting
- KSU-ARC sitee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“glyphosate/dicamba-resistant soybean”
e0“controlling glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth”
e2“Palmer amaranth control ranged from 63% to 87% at final evaluation with PRE-applied pyroxasulfone + sulfentrazone, pyroxasulfone + sulfentrazone plus metribuzin, pyroxasulfone + sulfentrazone plus carfentrazone + sulfentrazone, and sulfentrazone + metribuzin at the KSU-ARC site in experiment 2”
Claim · model-written summary
PRE-applied pyroxasulfone + sulfentrazone plus carfentrazone + sulfentrazone provided 63% to 87% Palmer amaranth control at the KSU-ARC site.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- pyroxasulfone + sulfentrazone plus carfentrazone + sulfentrazonee2
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranth controle2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- 63% to 87%e2
- Setting
- KSU-ARC sitee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“glyphosate/dicamba-resistant soybean”
e0“controlling glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth”
e2“Palmer amaranth control ranged from 63% to 87% at final evaluation with PRE-applied pyroxasulfone + sulfentrazone, pyroxasulfone + sulfentrazone plus metribuzin, pyroxasulfone + sulfentrazone plus carfentrazone + sulfentrazone, and sulfentrazone + metribuzin at the KSU-ARC site in experiment 2”
Claim · model-written summary
PRE-applied sulfentrazone + metribuzin provided 63% to 87% Palmer amaranth control at the KSU-ARC site.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- sulfentrazone + metribuzine2
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranth controle2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- 63% to 87%e2
- Setting
- KSU-ARC sitee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“glyphosate/dicamba-resistant soybean”
e0“controlling glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth”
e2“Palmer amaranth control ranged from 63% to 87% at final evaluation with PRE-applied pyroxasulfone + sulfentrazone, pyroxasulfone + sulfentrazone plus metribuzin, pyroxasulfone + sulfentrazone plus carfentrazone + sulfentrazone, and sulfentrazone + metribuzin at the KSU-ARC site in experiment 2”
Claim · model-written summary
PRE fb EPOST (two-pass) programs provided 98% to 100% control of GR Palmer amaranth.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- PRE fb EPOST (i.e., two-pass) programse3
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- control of GR Palmer amaranthe3
- Direction
- increaseinferrede3
- Value
- 98% to 100%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“glyphosate/dicamba-resistant soybean”
e0“controlling glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth”
e3“All PRE fb EPOST (i.e., two-pass) programs provided near-complete (98% to 100%) control of GR Palmer amaranth at both sites”
Claim · model-written summary
PRE-alone programs reduced Palmer amaranth shoot biomass by 35% to 76%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- PRE-alone programse4
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe4weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranth shoot biomasse4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 35% to 76%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“glyphosate/dicamba-resistant soybean”
e4“PRE-alone programs reduced Palmer amaranth shoot biomass by 35% to 76% in experiment 1 at both sites”
Claim · model-written summary
All two-pass programs prevented Palmer amaranth biomass production.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- two-pass programse5
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe5weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranth biomass productione5
- Direction
- preventede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“glyphosate/dicamba-resistant soybean”
e5“whereas all two-pass programs prevented Palmer amaranth biomass production”
Claim · model-written summary
No differences in soybean yield were observed among tested programs in experiment 1 at the KSU-ARC site.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- soybean yieldse6
- Direction
- No differencese6
- Setting
- KSU-ARC sitee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“glyphosate/dicamba-resistant soybean”
e6“No differences in soybean yields were observed among tested programs in experiment 1 at KSU-ARC site”
Claim · model-written summary
PRE-alone sulfentrazone + S-metolachlor had lower grain yield (4,342 kg/ha average) than the top yielding treatment at the KSU-AB site.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- sulfentrazone + S -metolachlore7
- Outcome
- grain yielde7
- Direction
- lowere7
- Value
- 4,342 kg ha −1e7
- Qualifier
- 4,832 kg ha −1e7
- Comparator
- top yieldinge7
- Setting
- KSU-AB sitee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“glyphosate/dicamba-resistant soybean”
e7“PRE-alone sulfentrazone + S -metolachlor, saflufenacil + imazethapyr + pyroxasulfone, and chlorimuron + flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone had lower grain yield (average, 4,342 kg ha −1 ) compared with the top yielding (4,832 kg ha −1 ) treatment at the KSU-AB site”
Claim · model-written summary
PRE-alone saflufenacil + imazethapyr + pyroxasulfone had lower grain yield (4,342 kg/ha average) than the top yielding treatment at the KSU-AB site.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- saflufenacil + imazethapyr + pyroxasulfonee7
- Outcome
- grain yielde7
- Direction
- lowere7
- Value
- 4,342 kg ha −1e7
- Qualifier
- 4,832 kg ha −1e7
- Comparator
- top yieldinge7
- Setting
- KSU-AB sitee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“glyphosate/dicamba-resistant soybean”
e7“PRE-alone sulfentrazone + S -metolachlor, saflufenacil + imazethapyr + pyroxasulfone, and chlorimuron + flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone had lower grain yield (average, 4,342 kg ha −1 ) compared with the top yielding (4,832 kg ha −1 ) treatment at the KSU-AB site”
Claim · model-written summary
PRE-alone chlorimuron + flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone had lower grain yield (4,342 kg/ha average) than the top yielding treatment at the KSU-AB site.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- chlorimuron + flumioxazin + pyroxasulfonee7
- Outcome
- grain yielde7
- Direction
- lowere7
- Value
- 4,342 kg ha −1e7
- Qualifier
- 4,832 kg ha −1e7
- Comparator
- top yieldinge7
- Setting
- KSU-AB sitee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“glyphosate/dicamba-resistant soybean”
e7“PRE-alone sulfentrazone + S -metolachlor, saflufenacil + imazethapyr + pyroxasulfone, and chlorimuron + flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone had lower grain yield (average, 4,342 kg ha −1 ) compared with the top yielding (4,832 kg ha −1 ) treatment at the KSU-AB site”
Claim · model-written summary
PRE-applied sulfentrazone + metribuzin had lower soybean yield (1,776 kg/ha) than all other programs at the KSU-ARC site.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- sulfentrazone + metribuzine4
- Outcome
- soybean yielde4
- Direction
- lowere4
- Value
- 1,776 kg ha −1e4
- Comparator
- all other programse4
- Setting
- KSU-ARC sitee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“glyphosate/dicamba-resistant soybean”
e4“PRE-applied sulfentrazone + metribuzin had a lower soybean yield (1,776 kg ha −1 ) compared with all other programs in experiment 2 at the KSU-ARC site”
Claim · model-written summary
Growers should adopt effective PRE-applied premixes followed by EPOST programs to reduce selection pressure from multiple POST dicamba applications.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe5
- Outcome
- effective PRE-applied premixes fb EPOST programse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“growers should proactively adopt effective PRE-applied premixes fb EPOST programs evaluated in this study to reduce selection pressure from multiple POST dicamba applications”
e5“for GR Palmer amaranth control in GDR soybean”
The same questions in other papers
metolachlor · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
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23 papers in the same direction as this paper · 37 in the opposite direction
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4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
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See all 8 papers →pyroxasulfone · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
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12 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
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See all 14 papers →8 of 17 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.