Abstract
Space farming for fresh food production is essential for sustaining long-duration space missions and supporting human life in space colonies. However, several obstacles need to be overcome including abnormal light conditions and energy limitations in maintaining Bioregenerative Life Support Systems (BLSSs). The aim of the present study was to evaluate six lettuce cultivars (baby Romaine, green Salanova, Lollo verde, Lollo rossa, red oak leaf and red Salanova) of different types and pigmentations under optimal and suboptimal light intensity and to identify the most promising candidates for BLSSs. Baby Romaine performed better than the rest of the tested cultivars under suboptimal light intensity, demonstrating a more efficient light-harvesting mechanism. Stomatal resistance increased under suboptimal light conditions, especially in the case of Lollo verde and red oak leaf cultivars, indicating stress conditions, whereas intrinsic water-use efficiency was the highest in baby Romaine and red oak leaf cultivars regardless of light regime. Nitrate content increased under suboptimal light intensity, especially in the cultivars green Salanova and Lollo verde, while P and Ca accumulation trends were also observed in baby Romaine and Lollo verde cultivars, respectively. Chicoric acid was the major detected phenolic acid in the hydroxycinnamic derivatives sub-class, followed by chlorogenic, caffeoyl-tartaric and caffeoyl-meso-tartaric acids. Chicoric and total hydroxycinnamic acids were not affected by light intensity, whereas the rest of the detected phenolic compounds showed a varied response to light intensity. Regarding cultivar response, red oak leaf exhibited the highest content in chicoric acid and total hydroxycinnamic acids content under suboptimal light intensity, whereas red Salanova exhibited the highest hydroxycinnamic derivatives profile under optimal light conditions. The main detected carotenoids were β-cryptoxanthin and violaxanthin+neoxanthin, followed by lutein and β-carotene. All the target carotenoids decreased significantly under low light intensity, while red Salanova maintained a distinct carotenoids profile. Overall, cultivation of assorted lettuce cultivars is the optimal scenario for space farming, where baby Romaine could provide adequate amounts of fresh biomass owing to its high light-use efficiency while red oak leaf and red Salanova could contribute to the daily dietary requirements for health-promoting bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and carotenoids.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Baby Romaine performed better than the other tested cultivars under suboptimal light.
- Taxon
- Lettuce
Lactuca sativat0 - Material
- Baby Romainee0
- Treatment
- suboptimal light intensitye0
- Outcome
- performed bettere0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- the rest of the tested cultivarse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Baby Romaine performed better than the rest of the tested cultivars under suboptimal light intensity”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Baby Romaine demonstrated a more efficient light-harvesting mechanism under suboptimal light.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Material
- Baby Romainee0
- Outcome
- more efficient light-harvesting mechanisme0
- Qualifier
- under suboptimal light intensitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Baby Romaine performed better than the rest of the tested cultivars under suboptimal light intensity, demonstrating a more efficient light-harvesting mechanism”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Stomatal resistance increased under suboptimal light, especially in Lollo verde and red oak leaf.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- suboptimal light conditionse0
- Outcome
- Stomatal resistancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- especially in the case of Lollo verde and red oak leaf cultivars, indicating stress conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stomatal resistance increased under suboptimal light conditions, especially in the case of Lollo verde and red oak leaf cultivars, indicating stress conditions”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Baby Romaine had the highest intrinsic water-use efficiency regardless of light regime.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Material
- baby Romainee0
- Outcome
- intrinsic water-use efficiencye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- regardless of light regimee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intrinsic water-use efficiency was the highest in baby Romaine and red oak leaf cultivars regardless of light regime”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Red oak leaf had the highest intrinsic water-use efficiency regardless of light regime.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Material
- red oak leafe0
- Outcome
- intrinsic water-use efficiencye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- regardless of light regimee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intrinsic water-use efficiency was the highest in baby Romaine and red oak leaf cultivars regardless of light regime”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate content increased under suboptimal light, especially in green Salanova and Lollo verde.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- suboptimal light intensitye0
- Outcome
- Nitrate contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- especially in the cultivars green Salanova and Lollo verdee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrate content increased under suboptimal light intensity, especially in the cultivars green Salanova and Lollo verde”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
A P accumulation trend was observed in baby Romaine under suboptimal light.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Material
- baby Romainee0
- Treatment
- suboptimal light intensitye0
- Outcome
- Pe0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrate content increased under suboptimal light intensity, especially in the cultivars green Salanova and Lollo verde, while P and Ca accumulation trends were also observed in baby Romaine and Lollo verde cultivars, respectively”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
A Ca accumulation trend was observed in Lollo verde under suboptimal light.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Material
- Lollo verdee0
- Treatment
- suboptimal light intensitye0
- Outcome
- Cae0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrate content increased under suboptimal light intensity, especially in the cultivars green Salanova and Lollo verde, while P and Ca accumulation trends were also observed in baby Romaine and Lollo verde cultivars, respectively”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Chicoric acid was the major detected hydroxycinnamic phenolic acid, followed by chlorogenic, caffeoyl-tartaric and caffeoyl-meso-tartaric acids.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- Chicoric acide0
- Direction
- majore0
- Qualifier
- followed by chlorogenic, caffeoyl-tartaric and caffeoyl-meso-tartaric acidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chicoric acid was the major detected phenolic acid in the hydroxycinnamic derivatives sub-class, followed by chlorogenic, caffeoyl-tartaric and caffeoyl-meso-tartaric acids”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Chicoric and total hydroxycinnamic acids were unaffected by light intensity.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- light intensitye0
- Outcome
- Chicoric and total hydroxycinnamic acidse0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chicoric and total hydroxycinnamic acids were not affected by light intensity”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Other detected phenolic compounds showed varied responses to light intensity.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- light intensitye0
- Outcome
- detected phenolic compoundse0
- Qualifier
- varied responsee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rest of the detected phenolic compounds showed a varied response to light intensity”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Red oak leaf had the highest chicoric acid and total hydroxycinnamic acids content under suboptimal light.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Material
- red oak leafe0
- Treatment
- suboptimal light intensitye0
- Outcome
- chicoric acid and total hydroxycinnamic acids contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“red oak leaf exhibited the highest content in chicoric acid and total hydroxycinnamic acids content under suboptimal light intensity”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Red Salanova had the highest hydroxycinnamic derivatives profile under optimal light.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Material
- red Salanovae0
- Treatment
- optimal light conditionse0
- Outcome
- hydroxycinnamic derivatives profilee0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“red Salanova exhibited the highest hydroxycinnamic derivatives profile under optimal light conditions”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
The main carotenoids were β-cryptoxanthin and violaxanthin+neoxanthin, followed by lutein and β-carotene.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- β-cryptoxanthin and violaxanthin+neoxanthine0
- Direction
- maine0
- Qualifier
- followed by lutein and β-carotenee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The main detected carotenoids were β-cryptoxanthin and violaxanthin+neoxanthin, followed by lutein and β-carotene”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
All target carotenoids decreased significantly under low light.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- low light intensitye0
- Outcome
- target carotenoidse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All the target carotenoids decreased significantly under low light intensity”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Red Salanova maintained a distinct carotenoids profile.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Material
- red Salanovae0
- Outcome
- distinct carotenoids profilee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“red Salanova maintained a distinct carotenoids profile”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend assorted lettuce cultivars as the optimal space-farming scenario.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Outcome
- cultivation of assorted lettuce cultivarse0
- Setting
- space farminge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cultivation of assorted lettuce cultivars is the optimal scenario for space farming”
Claim · model-written summary
Baby Romaine could supply adequate fresh biomass owing to high light-use efficiency.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Material
- baby Romainee0
- Outcome
- provide adequate amounts of fresh biomasse0
- Qualifier
- owing to its high light-use efficiencye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“baby Romaine could provide adequate amounts of fresh biomass owing to its high light-use efficiency”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Red oak leaf could contribute polyphenols and carotenoids to daily dietary requirements.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Material
- red oak leafe0
- Outcome
- daily dietary requirements for health-promoting bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and carotenoidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“red oak leaf and red Salanova could contribute to the daily dietary requirements for health-promoting bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and carotenoids”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Red Salanova could contribute polyphenols and carotenoids to daily dietary requirements.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Material
- red Salanovae0
- Outcome
- daily dietary requirements for health-promoting bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and carotenoidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“red oak leaf and red Salanova could contribute to the daily dietary requirements for health-promoting bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and carotenoids”
t0“Lettuce”
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