Abstract
ABSTRACT Gibberella ear rot (GER) in maize, caused by Fusarium graminearum species complex, is a destructive disease in southern Brazil and worldwide. Five field-experiments were conducted to determine fungicide efficacy, grain yield and grain quality (study I), as well as response of increasing rates (study II) on GER control, grain yield (GY) and grain damage (GD) in maize during the 2014/15 and 2015/16 growing seasons. Fungicides were sprayed 48 h before (preventive action) or 48 h after (curative action) inoculation of two Fusarium meridionale isolates (PR and MG). Study I consisted in applying nine active ingredients (metconazole, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, trifloxystrobin, prothioconazole, thiophanate-methyl, azoxystrobin, cyproconazole and carbendazim) present in eight commercial formulations at two sowing dates. Study II consisted in applying increasing rates of three fungicides evaluated at three sowing dates using only PR isolate. In study I, no differences were observed among fungicides when the variables GER, GY and GD were analyzed together. There were interactions between time of fungicide application and F. meridionale isolates when GER severity and GY were considered. Preventive fungicide application at different sowing dates and the use of MG isolate reduced GER by 11.6% and increased GY by 5.3%, compared to curative application. In study II, there was a significant interaction between fungicides and application time for GER, GY and GD. Preventive application of trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole (0.15 + 0.17 and 0.22 + 0.26 L ha-1), pyraclostrobin + metconazole (0.19 + 0.12 and 0.29 + 0.18 L ha-1) and carbendazim (2 L ha-1) reduced GER by 41 and 50%, 47 and 54%, and 54% at the three sowing dates, respectively. There was an increment of 45.7% and 46.8% in GY when trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole (0.15 + 0.17 and 0.22 + 0.26 L ha-1), respectively, were preventively sprayed at the three sowing dates, compared to the control treatment. Trifloxystrobin + prothiocanazole, pyraclostrobin + metconazole and carbendazim (1.0 and 2.0 L ha-1) preventively sprayed at two rates reduced GD incidence by 53.5 and 48.7%, 47.7 and 57.5%, 48.1 and 50.5%, respectively, for each fungicide and rate, and could be incorporated into a disease management program.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Study I found no differences among fungicides across GER, GY and GD jointly.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“In study I, no differences were observed among fungicides when the variables GER, GY and GD were analyzed together.”
Claim · model-written summary
Application timing interacted with F. meridionale isolate for GER severity and yield.
- Treatment
- time of fungicide applicatione0
- Interactor
- F. meridionaleFusarium meridionalee0pathogen
- Outcome
- GER severity and GYe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“There were interactions between time of fungicide application and F. meridionale isolates when GER severity and GY were considered.”
Claim · model-written summary
Preventive fungicide application with MG isolate reduced GER by 11.6% compared with curative application.
- Treatment
- Preventive fungicide applicatione0
- Interactor
- MG isolatee0pathogen
- Outcome
- GERe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 11.6%e0
- Comparator
- curative applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“Preventive fungicide application at different sowing dates and the use of MG isolate reduced GER by 11.6% and increased GY by 5.3%, compared to curative application.”
Claim · model-written summary
Preventive fungicide application with MG isolate increased grain yield by 5.3% compared with curative application.
- Treatment
- Preventive fungicide applicatione0
- Interactor
- MG isolatee0pathogen
- Outcome
- GYe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.3%e0
- Comparator
- curative applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“Preventive fungicide application at different sowing dates and the use of MG isolate reduced GER by 11.6% and increased GY by 5.3%, compared to curative application.”
Claim · model-written summary
Study II found a significant fungicide by application time interaction for GER, GY and GD.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“In study II, there was a significant interaction between fungicides and application time for GER, GY and GD.”
Claim · model-written summary
Preventive trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole at 0.15 + 0.17 reduced GER by 41.
- Treatment
- trifloxystrobin + prothioconazolee0
- Outcome
- GERe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 41e0
- Qualifier
- 0.15 + 0.17e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“Preventive application of trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole (0.15 + 0.17 and 0.22 + 0.26 L ha-1), pyraclostrobin + metconazole (0.19 + 0.12 and 0.29 + 0.18 L ha-1) and carbendazim (2 L ha-1) reduced GER by 41 and 50%, 47 and 54%, and 54% at the three sowing dates, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Preventive trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole at 0.22 + 0.26 L ha-1 reduced GER by 50%.
- Treatment
- trifloxystrobin + prothioconazolee0
- Outcome
- GERe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 50%e0
- Qualifier
- 0.22 + 0.26 L ha-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“Preventive application of trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole (0.15 + 0.17 and 0.22 + 0.26 L ha-1), pyraclostrobin + metconazole (0.19 + 0.12 and 0.29 + 0.18 L ha-1) and carbendazim (2 L ha-1) reduced GER by 41 and 50%, 47 and 54%, and 54% at the three sowing dates, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Preventive pyraclostrobin + metconazole at 0.19 + 0.12 reduced GER by 47.
- Treatment
- pyraclostrobin + metconazolee0
- Outcome
- GERe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 47e0
- Qualifier
- 0.19 + 0.12e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“Preventive application of trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole (0.15 + 0.17 and 0.22 + 0.26 L ha-1), pyraclostrobin + metconazole (0.19 + 0.12 and 0.29 + 0.18 L ha-1) and carbendazim (2 L ha-1) reduced GER by 41 and 50%, 47 and 54%, and 54% at the three sowing dates, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Preventive pyraclostrobin + metconazole at 0.29 + 0.18 L ha-1 reduced GER by 54%.
- Treatment
- pyraclostrobin + metconazolee0
- Outcome
- GERe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 54%e0
- Qualifier
- 0.29 + 0.18 L ha-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“Preventive application of trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole (0.15 + 0.17 and 0.22 + 0.26 L ha-1), pyraclostrobin + metconazole (0.19 + 0.12 and 0.29 + 0.18 L ha-1) and carbendazim (2 L ha-1) reduced GER by 41 and 50%, 47 and 54%, and 54% at the three sowing dates, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Preventive carbendazim at 2 L ha-1 reduced GER by 54%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“Preventive application of trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole (0.15 + 0.17 and 0.22 + 0.26 L ha-1), pyraclostrobin + metconazole (0.19 + 0.12 and 0.29 + 0.18 L ha-1) and carbendazim (2 L ha-1) reduced GER by 41 and 50%, 47 and 54%, and 54% at the three sowing dates, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Preventive trifloxystrobin plus prothioconazole at 0.15 + 0.17 increased yield by 45.7% over control.
- Treatment
- trifloxystrobin + prothioconazolee0
- Outcome
- GYe0
- Direction
- incremente0
- Value
- 45.7%e0
- Qualifier
- 0.15 + 0.17e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“There was an increment of 45.7% and 46.8% in GY when trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole (0.15 + 0.17 and 0.22 + 0.26 L ha-1), respectively, were preventively sprayed at the three sowing dates, compared to the control treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Preventive trifloxystrobin plus prothioconazole at 0.22 + 0.26 L ha-1 increased yield by 46.8% over control.
- Treatment
- trifloxystrobin + prothioconazolee0
- Outcome
- GYe0
- Direction
- incremente0
- Value
- 46.8%e0
- Qualifier
- 0.22 + 0.26 L ha-1e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“There was an increment of 45.7% and 46.8% in GY when trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole (0.15 + 0.17 and 0.22 + 0.26 L ha-1), respectively, were preventively sprayed at the three sowing dates, compared to the control treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Preventive Trifloxystrobin + prothiocanazole reduced GD incidence by 53.5.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“Trifloxystrobin + prothiocanazole, pyraclostrobin + metconazole and carbendazim (1.0 and 2.0 L ha-1) preventively sprayed at two rates reduced GD incidence by 53.5 and 48.7%, 47.7 and 57.5%, 48.1 and 50.5%, respectively, for each fungicide and rate, and could be incorporated into a disease management program.”
Claim · model-written summary
Preventive Trifloxystrobin + prothiocanazole reduced GD incidence by 48.7%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“Trifloxystrobin + prothiocanazole, pyraclostrobin + metconazole and carbendazim (1.0 and 2.0 L ha-1) preventively sprayed at two rates reduced GD incidence by 53.5 and 48.7%, 47.7 and 57.5%, 48.1 and 50.5%, respectively, for each fungicide and rate, and could be incorporated into a disease management program.”
Claim · model-written summary
Preventive pyraclostrobin + metconazole reduced GD incidence by 47.7.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“Trifloxystrobin + prothiocanazole, pyraclostrobin + metconazole and carbendazim (1.0 and 2.0 L ha-1) preventively sprayed at two rates reduced GD incidence by 53.5 and 48.7%, 47.7 and 57.5%, 48.1 and 50.5%, respectively, for each fungicide and rate, and could be incorporated into a disease management program.”
Claim · model-written summary
Preventive pyraclostrobin + metconazole reduced GD incidence by 57.5%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“Trifloxystrobin + prothiocanazole, pyraclostrobin + metconazole and carbendazim (1.0 and 2.0 L ha-1) preventively sprayed at two rates reduced GD incidence by 53.5 and 48.7%, 47.7 and 57.5%, 48.1 and 50.5%, respectively, for each fungicide and rate, and could be incorporated into a disease management program.”
Claim · model-written summary
Preventive carbendazim reduced GD incidence by 48.1.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“Trifloxystrobin + prothiocanazole, pyraclostrobin + metconazole and carbendazim (1.0 and 2.0 L ha-1) preventively sprayed at two rates reduced GD incidence by 53.5 and 48.7%, 47.7 and 57.5%, 48.1 and 50.5%, respectively, for each fungicide and rate, and could be incorporated into a disease management program.”
Claim · model-written summary
Preventive carbendazim reduced GD incidence by 50.5%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“Trifloxystrobin + prothiocanazole, pyraclostrobin + metconazole and carbendazim (1.0 and 2.0 L ha-1) preventively sprayed at two rates reduced GD incidence by 53.5 and 48.7%, 47.7 and 57.5%, 48.1 and 50.5%, respectively, for each fungicide and rate, and could be incorporated into a disease management program.”
Claim · model-written summary
The tested fungicides could be incorporated into a disease management program.
- Treatment
- Trifloxystrobin + prothiocanazole, pyraclostrobin + metconazole and carbendazime0
- Outcome
- incorporated into a disease management programe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“Trifloxystrobin + prothiocanazole, pyraclostrobin + metconazole and carbendazim (1.0 and 2.0 L ha-1) preventively sprayed at two rates reduced GD incidence by 53.5 and 48.7%, 47.7 and 57.5%, 48.1 and 50.5%, respectively, for each fungicide and rate, and could be incorporated into a disease management program.”
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metconazole · disease · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
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prothioconazole · yield · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
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See all 5 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.