Abstract
Abstract The stimulatory effect of elevated [CO 2 ] (e[CO 2 ]) on crop production in future climates is likely to be cancelled out by predicted increases in average temperatures. This effect may become stronger through more frequent and severe heat waves, which are predicted to increase in most climate change scenarios. Whilst the growth and yield response of some legumes grown under the interactive effect of e[CO 2 ] and heat waves has been studied, little is known about how N 2 fixation and overall N metabolism is affected by this combination. To address these knowledge gaps, two lentil genotypes were grown under ambient [CO 2 ] (a[CO 2 ], ~400 µmol·mol −1 ) and e[CO 2 ] (~550 µmol·mol −1 ) in the Australian Grains Free Air CO 2 Enrichment facility and exposed to a simulated heat wave (3‐day periods of high temperatures ~40 °C) at flat pod stage. Nodulation and concentrations of water‐soluble carbohydrates (WSC), total free amino acids, N and N 2 fixation were assessed following the imposition of the heat wave until crop maturity. Elevated [CO 2 ] stimulated N 2 fixation so that total N 2 fixation in e[CO 2 ]‐grown plants was always higher than in a[CO 2 ], non‐stressed control plants. Heat wave triggered a significant decrease in active nodules and WSC concentrations, but e[CO 2 ] had the opposite effect. Leaf N remobilization and grain N improved under interaction of e[CO 2 ] and heat wave. These results suggested that larger WSC pools and nodulation under e[CO 2 ] can support post‐heat wave recovery of N 2 fixation. Elevated [CO 2 ]‐induced accelerated leaf N remobilisation might contribute to restore grain N concentration following a heat wave.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 raised total nitrogen fixation above the ambient, non-stressed control.
- Taxon
- lentil
Lens culinarist0 - Treatment
- Elevated [CO 2 ]e0
- Outcome
- total N 2 fixatione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- a[CO 2 ], non‐stressed control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated [CO 2 ] stimulated N 2 fixation so that total N 2 fixation in e[CO 2 ]‐grown plants was always higher than in a[CO 2 ], non‐stressed control plants.”
t0“lentil”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat wave significantly decreased active nodules.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- Heat wavee0
- Outcome
- active nodulese0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat wave triggered a significant decrease in active nodules and WSC concentrations, but e[CO 2 ] had the opposite effect.”
t0“lentil”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat wave significantly decreased water-soluble carbohydrate concentration.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- Heat wavee0
- Outcome
- WSC concentrationse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat wave triggered a significant decrease in active nodules and WSC concentrations, but e[CO 2 ] had the opposite effect.”
t0“lentil”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 had the opposite effect on active nodules, increasing them relative to heat wave.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- e[CO 2 ]e0
- Outcome
- active nodulese0
- Direction
- opposite effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat wave triggered a significant decrease in active nodules and WSC concentrations, but e[CO 2 ] had the opposite effect.”
t0“lentil”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 had the opposite effect on WSC concentration, increasing it relative to heat wave.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- e[CO 2 ]e0
- Outcome
- WSC concentrationse0
- Direction
- opposite effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat wave triggered a significant decrease in active nodules and WSC concentrations, but e[CO 2 ] had the opposite effect.”
t0“lentil”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 combined with heat wave improved leaf nitrogen remobilization.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- interaction of e[CO 2 ] and heat wavee0
- Outcome
- Leaf N remobilizatione0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf N remobilization and grain N improved under interaction of e[CO 2 ] and heat wave.”
t0“lentil”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 combined with heat wave improved grain nitrogen.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- interaction of e[CO 2 ] and heat wavee0
- Outcome
- grain Ne0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf N remobilization and grain N improved under interaction of e[CO 2 ] and heat wave.”
t0“lentil”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors inferred that larger WSC pools and nodulation under elevated CO2 support recovery of nitrogen fixation after heat wave.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarist0
- Outcome
- post‐heat wave recovery of N 2 fixatione0
- Qualifier
- larger WSC pools and nodulation under e[CO 2 ]e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“larger WSC pools and nodulation under e[CO 2 ] can support post‐heat wave recovery of N 2 fixation.”
t0“lentil”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors inferred that accelerated leaf nitrogen remobilization under elevated CO2 might restore grain nitrogen after heat wave.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- Elevated [CO 2 ]e0
- Outcome
- grain N concentratione0
- Qualifier
- accelerated leaf N remobilisatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated [CO 2 ]‐induced accelerated leaf N remobilisation might contribute to restore grain N concentration following a heat wave.”
t0“lentil”
The same questions in other papers
co2 · nutrient: content · Lens culinaris (lentil)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
heat · quality: sugar starch · Lens culinaris (lentil)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
heat · nutrient: content · Lens culinaris (lentil)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
co2 · symbiosis · Lens culinaris (lentil)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.