Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (AMF) are widely known to form a symbiosis with most higher plants and enhance plant adaptation to a series of environmental stresses. Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is considered a promising alternative feedstock for bioalcohol production because of its sugar-rich stalk and high biomass. However, little is known of AMF benefit for biomass production and salt tolerance of sweet sorghum. Here, we investigated the effects of Acaulospora mellea ZZ on growth and salt tolerance in two sweet sorghum cultivars (Liaotian5 and Yajin2) under different NaCl addition levels (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 g NaCl/kg soil). Results showed AMF colonized the two cultivars well under all NaCl addition levels. NaCl addition increased mycorrhizal colonization rates in Yajin2, but the effects on Liaotian5 ranged from stimulatory at 0.5 and 1 g/kg to insignificant at 2 g/kg, and even inhibitory at 3 g/kg. High NaCl addition levels produced negative effects on both AM and non-AM plants, leading to lower biomass production, poorer mineral nutrition (N, P, K), higher Na+ uptake, and lower soluble sugar content in leaves. Compared with non-AM plants, AM plants of both cultivars had improved plant biomass and mineral uptake, as well as higher K+/Na+ ratio, but only Yajin2 plants had a low shoot/root Na ratio. AM inoculation increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), and soluble sugar content in leaves. Overall, both cultivars benefited from mycorrhization, and Yajin2 with less salt tolerance showed higher mycorrhizal response. In conclusion, AMF could help to alleviate the negative effects caused by salinity, and thus showed potential in biomass production of sweet sorghum in saline soil.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Acaulospora mellea ZZ colonized both sweet sorghum cultivars well under all NaCl addition levels.
Verbatim
t0“Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Enhances Biomass Production and Salt Tolerance of Sweet Sorghum”
e0“Results showed AMF colonized the two cultivars well under all NaCl addition levels”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl addition increased mycorrhizal colonization rates in Yajin2.
- Taxon
- Sweet Sorghumt0
- Material
- Yajin2e1
- Treatment
- NaCl additione1
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal colonization ratese1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Enhances Biomass Production and Salt Tolerance of Sweet Sorghum”
e1“NaCl addition increased mycorrhizal colonization rates in Yajin2, but the effects on Liaotian5 ranged from stimulatory at 0.5 and 1 g/kg to insignificant at 2 g/kg, and even inhibitory at 3 g/kg”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl addition had a stimulatory effect on mycorrhizal colonization rates in Liaotian5 at 0.5 and 1 g/kg.
- Taxon
- Sweet Sorghumt0
- Material
- Liaotian5e1
- Treatment
- NaCl additione1
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal colonization ratese1
- Direction
- stimulatorye1
- Value
- 0.5 and 1 g/kge1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Enhances Biomass Production and Salt Tolerance of Sweet Sorghum”
e1“NaCl addition increased mycorrhizal colonization rates in Yajin2, but the effects on Liaotian5 ranged from stimulatory at 0.5 and 1 g/kg to insignificant at 2 g/kg, and even inhibitory at 3 g/kg”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl addition had an insignificant effect on mycorrhizal colonization rates in Liaotian5 at 2 g/kg.
- Taxon
- Sweet Sorghumt0
- Material
- Liaotian5e1
- Treatment
- NaCl additione1
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal colonization ratese1
- Direction
- insignificante1
- Value
- 2 g/kge1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Enhances Biomass Production and Salt Tolerance of Sweet Sorghum”
e1“NaCl addition increased mycorrhizal colonization rates in Yajin2, but the effects on Liaotian5 ranged from stimulatory at 0.5 and 1 g/kg to insignificant at 2 g/kg, and even inhibitory at 3 g/kg”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl addition at 3 g/kg had an inhibitory effect on mycorrhizal colonization rates in Liaotian5.
- Taxon
- Sweet Sorghumt0
- Material
- Liaotian5e1
- Treatment
- NaCl additione1
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal colonization ratese1
- Direction
- inhibitorye1
- Value
- 3 g/kge1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Enhances Biomass Production and Salt Tolerance of Sweet Sorghum”
e1“NaCl addition increased mycorrhizal colonization rates in Yajin2, but the effects on Liaotian5 ranged from stimulatory at 0.5 and 1 g/kg to insignificant at 2 g/kg, and even inhibitory at 3 g/kg”
Claim · model-written summary
High NaCl addition levels lowered sweet sorghum biomass production.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Enhances Biomass Production and Salt Tolerance of Sweet Sorghum”
e2“High NaCl addition levels produced negative effects on both AM and non-AM plants, leading to lower biomass production, poorer mineral nutrition (N, P, K), higher Na+ uptake, and lower soluble sugar content in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
High NaCl addition levels worsened mineral nutrition (N, P, K) of sweet sorghum.
- Taxon
- Sweet Sorghumt0
- Treatment
- High NaCl addition levelse2
- Outcome
- mineral nutrition (N, P, K)e2
- Direction
- poorere2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Enhances Biomass Production and Salt Tolerance of Sweet Sorghum”
e2“High NaCl addition levels produced negative effects on both AM and non-AM plants, leading to lower biomass production, poorer mineral nutrition (N, P, K), higher Na+ uptake, and lower soluble sugar content in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
High NaCl addition levels raised Na+ uptake in sweet sorghum.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Enhances Biomass Production and Salt Tolerance of Sweet Sorghum”
e2“High NaCl addition levels produced negative effects on both AM and non-AM plants, leading to lower biomass production, poorer mineral nutrition (N, P, K), higher Na+ uptake, and lower soluble sugar content in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
High NaCl addition levels lowered soluble sugar content in sweet sorghum leaves.
- Taxon
- Sweet Sorghumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese2
- Treatment
- High NaCl addition levelse2
- Outcome
- soluble sugar content in leavese2
- Direction
- lowere2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Enhances Biomass Production and Salt Tolerance of Sweet Sorghum”
e2“High NaCl addition levels produced negative effects on both AM and non-AM plants, leading to lower biomass production, poorer mineral nutrition (N, P, K), higher Na+ uptake, and lower soluble sugar content in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
AM plants of both sweet sorghum cultivars had improved biomass and mineral uptake compared with non-AM plants.
Verbatim
t0“Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Enhances Biomass Production and Salt Tolerance of Sweet Sorghum”
e3“Compared with non-AM plants, AM plants of both cultivars had improved plant biomass and mineral uptake, as well as higher K+/Na+ ratio, but only Yajin2 plants had a low shoot/root Na ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
AM plants of sweet sorghum had a higher K+/Na+ ratio than non-AM plants.
Verbatim
t0“Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Enhances Biomass Production and Salt Tolerance of Sweet Sorghum”
e3“Compared with non-AM plants, AM plants of both cultivars had improved plant biomass and mineral uptake, as well as higher K+/Na+ ratio, but only Yajin2 plants had a low shoot/root Na ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
Only Yajin2 plants had a low shoot/root Na ratio.
Verbatim
t0“Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Enhances Biomass Production and Salt Tolerance of Sweet Sorghum”
e3“Compared with non-AM plants, AM plants of both cultivars had improved plant biomass and mineral uptake, as well as higher K+/Na+ ratio, but only Yajin2 plants had a low shoot/root Na ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
AM inoculation increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase in sweet sorghum.
- Taxon
- Sweet Sorghumt0
- Treatment
- AM inoculatione4
- Interactor
- AMe4symbiont
- Outcome
- activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT)e4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Enhances Biomass Production and Salt Tolerance of Sweet Sorghum”
e4“AM inoculation increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), and soluble sugar content in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
AM inoculation increased soluble sugar content in sweet sorghum leaves.
- Taxon
- Sweet Sorghumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese4
- Treatment
- AM inoculatione4
- Interactor
- AMe4symbiont
- Outcome
- soluble sugar content in leavese4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Enhances Biomass Production and Salt Tolerance of Sweet Sorghum”
e4“AM inoculation increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), and soluble sugar content in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Yajin2, with less salt tolerance, showed a higher mycorrhizal response.
Verbatim
t0“Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Enhances Biomass Production and Salt Tolerance of Sweet Sorghum”
e5“Overall, both cultivars benefited from mycorrhization, and Yajin2 with less salt tolerance showed higher mycorrhizal response”
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