Abstract
This study was carried out at the Experimental Nursery of the Ornamental Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, during the two successive seasons of 2000 and 2001, with the aim of investigating the effect of chemical, organic and bio-fertilization treatments on the growth, chemical composition and oil production of African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) plants. In addition to the control, the fertilization treatments included: (1) N fertilization at the rates of 6 or 12 g ammonium sulphate /pot (N1 and N2, respectively), (2) Bio-fertilization (Bio), (3) Bio + half the previous N fertilization rates (½ N1 or N1), (4) Cattle manure (CM) at the rate of 710 cm3/pot (equivalent to 40 m3/feddan), or (5) Bio + ½ CM (i.e., CM at 355 cm3/pot, equivalent to 20 m3/feddan). All plants (including the control) received chemical PK fertilization (P at 6 g calcium superphosphate, and K at 3 g potassium sulphate / 25-cm pot). The bio-fertilizer was applied to the soil as a liquid inoculum containing Azospirillum brasilense, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas putida. In general, all the tested fertilization treatments had a favourable effect on vegetative growth, flowering, chemical composition and oil production. In most cases, fertilization with CM (especially when added without bio-fertilization) gave the highest values for the different vegetative growth characteristics (plant height, number of branches, fresh and dry weights of leaves, stems and roots). Also, CM (with or without biofertilization) gave the best results for number of flowers/plant, as well as fresh and dry weights of flowers (in most cases). Fertilization treatments also increased the leaf contents of chlorophylls “a”, “b”, total chlorophylls, carotenoids and xanthophylls (in most cases), as well as the total carbohydrates contents in the different plant parts. Also, most of the fertilization treatments increased the N and P contents in the flowers and roots, as well as the K contents in leaves and stems. Moreover, oil percentage and yield were increased in the flowers and leaves of fertilized plants (compared to the control), with the highest values resulting from plants supplied with CM, with or without biofertilization (especially in the second season). Linalool, limonene, ocimene, caryophyllene and eugenol were the main components of the oil extracted from Tagetes erecta flowers and leaves. Β-ionone was also detected at lower percentages in Tagetes erecta oil. Low percentages of α-pinene and β-pinene were identified as oil components in the flowers, but were almost completely absent in oil extracted from the leaves. Also, the percentage of ocimene was generally higher in the oil from flowers than in the oil from leaves. On the other hand, the percentage of eugenol was higher in oil from leaves than in oil from flowers. In general, the different fertilization treatments generally increased the percentages of caryophyllene and eugenol in oil extracted from the flowers. In oil from the leaves, using N1, N2 or bio-fertilization increased the ocimene and eugenol percentages, while cattle manure generally increased the limonene and linalool percentages. Also, the limonene, eugenol and β-ionone percentages in the leaves oil were increased by fertilization using ½ N1 + bio-fertilization, while the β-pinene and linalool percentages were increased by N1 + bio-fertilization. Fertilization with N1 gave the highest percentages of eugenol and β-ionone in oil from the flowers, as well as the highest percentages of ocimene, caryophyllene and eugenol in oil from the leaves. Conclusively, from the recorded results, it was concluded that the different fertilization treatments had a favourable effect on the growth, flowering, chemical composition and oil production of Tagetes erecta plants, with fertilization using CM giving the best results.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization generally favored vegetative growth, flowering, chemical composition and oil production.
- Taxon
- African marigold
Tagetes erectat0 - Treatment
- all the tested fertilization treatmentse0
- Outcome
- vegetative growth, flowering, chemical composition and oil productione0
- Direction
- favourable effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all the tested fertilization treatments had a favourable effect on vegetative growth, flowering, chemical composition and oil production”
t0“AFRICAN MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta L.) PLANTS”
Claim · model-written summary
Cattle manure generally produced the highest vegetative growth characteristics.
- Taxon
- African marigoldTagetes erectat0
- Treatment
- CMe0
- Outcome
- vegetative growth characteristicse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilization with CM (especially when added without bio-fertilization) gave the highest values for the different vegetative growth characteristics (plant height, number of branches, fresh and dry weights of leaves, stems and roots)”
t0“AFRICAN MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta L.) PLANTS”
Claim · model-written summary
Cattle manure with or without biofertilization gave the best flower number and weights in most cases.
- Taxon
- African marigoldTagetes erectat0
- Treatment
- CM (with or without biofertilization)e0
- Outcome
- number of flowers/plant, as well as fresh and dry weights of flowerse0
- Direction
- beste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CM (with or without biofertilization) gave the best results for number of flowers/plant, as well as fresh and dry weights of flowers (in most cases)”
t0“AFRICAN MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta L.) PLANTS”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization increased leaf chlorophylls and carotenoids.
- Taxon
- African marigoldTagetes erectat0
- Treatment
- Fertilization treatmentse0
- Outcome
- leaf contents of chlorophylls “a”, “b”, total chlorophyllse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fertilization treatments also increased the leaf contents of chlorophylls “a”, “b”, total chlorophylls, carotenoids and xanthophylls (in most cases)”
t0“AFRICAN MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta L.) PLANTS”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization increased leaf carotenoids and xanthophylls.
- Taxon
- African marigoldTagetes erectat0
- Treatment
- Fertilization treatmentse0
- Outcome
- carotenoids and xanthophyllse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fertilization treatments also increased the leaf contents of chlorophylls “a”, “b”, total chlorophylls, carotenoids and xanthophylls (in most cases)”
t0“AFRICAN MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta L.) PLANTS”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization increased total carbohydrates in different plant parts.
- Taxon
- African marigoldTagetes erectat0
- Treatment
- Fertilization treatmentse1
- Outcome
- total carbohydrates contentse0
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as well as the total carbohydrates contents in the different plant parts”
t0“AFRICAN MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta L.) PLANTS”
e1“Fertilization treatments also increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Most fertilization treatments increased flower and root N and P contents.
- Taxon
- African marigoldTagetes erectat0
- Treatment
- most of the fertilization treatmentse0
- Outcome
- N and P contents in the flowers and rootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“most of the fertilization treatments increased the N and P contents in the flowers and roots”
t0“AFRICAN MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta L.) PLANTS”
Claim · model-written summary
Most fertilization treatments increased K in leaves and stems.
- Taxon
- African marigoldTagetes erectat0
- Treatment
- most of the fertilization treatmentse1
- Outcome
- K contents in leaves and stemse0
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as well as the K contents in leaves and stems”
t0“AFRICAN MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta L.) PLANTS”
e1“most of the fertilization treatments increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilized plants had increased flower and leaf oil percentage and yield relative to controls, with the highest values from cattle manure.
- Taxon
- African marigoldTagetes erectat0
- Treatment
- fertilized plantse0
- Outcome
- oil percentage and yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“oil percentage and yield were increased in the flowers and leaves of fertilized plants (compared to the control), with the highest values resulting from plants supplied with CM, with or without biofertilization (especially in the second season)”
t0“AFRICAN MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta L.) PLANTS”
Claim · model-written summary
Linalool, limonene and ocimene were main oil constituents.
- Taxon
- Tagetes erectaTagetes erectae0
- Outcome
- Linalool, limonene, ocimenee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Linalool, limonene, ocimene, caryophyllene and eugenol were the main components of the oil extracted from Tagetes erecta flowers and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Caryophyllene and eugenol were main oil constituents.
- Taxon
- Tagetes erectaTagetes erectae0
- Outcome
- caryophyllene and eugenole0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Linalool, limonene, ocimene, caryophyllene and eugenol were the main components of the oil extracted from Tagetes erecta flowers and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Β-ionone occurred at lower percentages in the oil.
- Taxon
- Tagetes erectaTagetes erectae0
- Outcome
- Β-ionone was also detected at lower percentagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Β-ionone was also detected at lower percentages in Tagetes erecta oil”
Claim · model-written summary
α-pinene and β-pinene were low in flower oil and nearly absent from leaf oil.
- Taxon
- African marigoldTagetes erectat0
- Outcome
- α-pinene and β-pinenee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Low percentages of α-pinene and β-pinene were identified as oil components in the flowers, but were almost completely absent in oil extracted from the leaves”
t0“AFRICAN MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta L.) PLANTS”
Claim · model-written summary
Ocimene percentage was generally higher in flower oil than leaf oil.
- Taxon
- African marigoldTagetes erectat0
- Outcome
- percentage of ocimenee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- oil from leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the percentage of ocimene was generally higher in the oil from flowers than in the oil from leaves”
t0“AFRICAN MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta L.) PLANTS”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol percentage was higher in leaf oil than flower oil.
- Taxon
- African marigoldTagetes erectat0
- Outcome
- percentage of eugenole0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- oil from flowerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the percentage of eugenol was higher in oil from leaves than in oil from flowers”
t0“AFRICAN MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta L.) PLANTS”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization generally increased caryophyllene and eugenol percentages in flower oil.
- Taxon
- African marigoldTagetes erectat0
- Treatment
- different fertilization treatmentse0
- Outcome
- percentages of caryophyllene and eugenole0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“different fertilization treatments generally increased the percentages of caryophyllene and eugenol in oil extracted from the flowers”
t0“AFRICAN MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta L.) PLANTS”
Claim · model-written summary
N1, N2 or biofertilization increased ocimene and eugenol percentages in leaf oil.
- Taxon
- African marigoldTagetes erectat0
- Treatment
- N1, N2 or bio-fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- ocimene and eugenol percentagese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using N1, N2 or bio-fertilization increased the ocimene and eugenol percentages”
t0“AFRICAN MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta L.) PLANTS”
Claim · model-written summary
Cattle manure generally increased limonene and linalool percentages in leaf oil.
- Taxon
- African marigoldTagetes erectat0
- Treatment
- cattle manuree0
- Outcome
- limonene and linalool percentagese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cattle manure generally increased the limonene and linalool percentages”
t0“AFRICAN MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta L.) PLANTS”
Claim · model-written summary
Half N1 plus biofertilization increased limonene, eugenol and β-ionone in leaf oil.
- Taxon
- African marigoldTagetes erectat0
- Treatment
- ½ N1 + bio-fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- limonene, eugenol and β-ionone percentagese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“limonene, eugenol and β-ionone percentages in the leaves oil were increased by fertilization using ½ N1 + bio-fertilization”
t0“AFRICAN MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta L.) PLANTS”
Claim · model-written summary
N1 plus biofertilization increased β-pinene and linalool in leaf oil.
- Taxon
- African marigoldTagetes erectat0
- Treatment
- N1 + bio-fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- β-pinene and linalool percentagese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“β-pinene and linalool percentages were increased by N1 + bio-fertilization”
t0“AFRICAN MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta L.) PLANTS”
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See all 22 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.