Abstract
Corn ( Zea mays L.) production in poorly drained claypan soils in the US Midwest is a challenge due to low soil permeability, which may result in wetter soil conditions and relatively large amounts of soil N 2 O emissions early in the growing season. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of urea fertilizer placement with and without nitrapyrin (NI) on daily and cumulative soil N 2 O emissions, and yield‐scaled N 2 O emissions in 2016 and 2017. Treatments included urea deep banded to a 20‐cm depth (DB), urea deep banded to 20 cm plus NI (DB+NI), urea incorporated after a surface broadcast application to ∼8‐cm depth (IA), urea broadcast on the soil surface (SA), and a nonfertilized control (NTC). Fertilizer was applied at 202 kg N ha −1 . Surface soil N 2 O efflux rates were generally lower (<50 g N 2 O‐N ha −1 d −1 ) during the first 3 wk after N fertilization and latter parts of the growing seasons. When averaged across the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons, all fertilized treatments had significantly greater (2.33–5.60 kg N 2 O‐N ha −1 , P < 0.05) cumulative soil N 2 O emissions than NTC. The DB+NI treatment had 54 and 55% lower cumulative soil N 2 O emissions than IA and SA, respectively. In 2017, DB+NI had similar soil yield‐scaled N 2 O emissions to NTC. Percentage grain yield increase over NTC was highest for DB and DB+NI. Grain yield in 2016 was 14 to 18% higher for DB and DB+NI than SA. Results suggest that DB+NI is an effective management strategy for reducing cumulative soil N 2 O emissions and increasing grain yields over the growing season. Core Ideas Deep‐banded urea + nitrapyrin had 55% less soil N 2 O emissions than surface‐applied. Nonfertilized control and deep‐banded urea + nitrapyrin had similar N 2 O emissions. Deep‐banded urea + nitrapyrin had a 1.6% lower emission factor than surface‐applied urea. Deep‐banded urea had a 1.0% lower emission factor than surface‐applied urea.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilized treatments had greater cumulative soil N2O emissions than nonfertilized control.
- Taxon
- Corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse1 - Treatment
- all fertilized treatmentse0
- Outcome
- cumulative soil N 2 O emissionse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 2.33–5.60 kg N 2 O‐N ha −1e0
- Comparator
- NTCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all fertilized treatments had significantly greater (2.33–5.60 kg N 2 O‐N ha −1 , P < 0.05) cumulative soil N 2 O emissions than NTC”
e1“Corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
DB+NI lowered cumulative soil N2O emissions 54% versus IA.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- DB+NIe0
- Outcome
- cumulative soil N 2 O emissionse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 54e0
- Comparator
- IAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The DB+NI treatment had 54 and 55% lower cumulative soil N 2 O emissions than IA and SA, respectively.”
e1“Corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
DB+NI lowered cumulative soil N2O emissions 55% versus SA.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- DB+NIe0
- Outcome
- cumulative soil N 2 O emissionse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 55%e0
- Comparator
- SAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The DB+NI treatment had 54 and 55% lower cumulative soil N 2 O emissions than IA and SA, respectively.”
e1“Corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
DB+NI and NTC had similar yield-scaled emissions in 2017.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- DB+NIe0
- Outcome
- soil yield‐scaled N 2 O emissionse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Qualifier
- In 2017e0
- Comparator
- NTCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2017, DB+NI had similar soil yield‐scaled N 2 O emissions to NTC.”
e1“Corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
DB had the highest percentage grain yield increase over NTC.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- DBe0
- Outcome
- Percentage grain yield increasee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- NTCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Percentage grain yield increase over NTC was highest for DB and DB+NI.”
e1“Corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
DB+NI had the highest percentage grain yield increase over NTC.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- DB+NIe0
- Outcome
- Percentage grain yield increasee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- NTCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Percentage grain yield increase over NTC was highest for DB and DB+NI.”
e1“Corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
DB grain yield was 14 to 18% higher than SA in 2016.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- DBe0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 14 to 18%e0
- Qualifier
- in 2016e0
- Comparator
- SAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield in 2016 was 14 to 18% higher for DB and DB+NI than SA.”
e1“Corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
DB+NI grain yield was 14 to 18% higher than SA in 2016.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- DB+NIe0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 14 to 18%e0
- Qualifier
- in 2016e0
- Comparator
- SAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield in 2016 was 14 to 18% higher for DB and DB+NI than SA.”
e1“Corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
DB+NI had a 1.6% lower emission factor than surface application.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- Deep‐banded urea + nitrapyrine0
- Outcome
- emission factore0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 1.6%e0
- Comparator
- surface‐applied ureae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Deep‐banded urea + nitrapyrin had a 1.6% lower emission factor than surface‐applied urea.”
e1“Corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep-banded urea had a 1.0% lower emission factor than surface application.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- Deep‐banded ureae0
- Outcome
- emission factore0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 1.0%e0
- Comparator
- surface‐applied ureae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Deep‐banded urea had a 1.0% lower emission factor than surface‐applied urea.”
e1“Corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend DB+NI to reduce emissions and increase yield.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- DB+NIe0
- Outcome
- reducing cumulative soil N 2 O emissions and increasing grain yieldse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DB+NI is an effective management strategy for reducing cumulative soil N 2 O emissions and increasing grain yields”
e1“Corn ( Zea mays L.)”
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