Abstract
Quantitative understanding of relationships between N 2 O emission and plant N uptake are needed to select environmentally optimal management systems for corn ( Zea mays L.) production. Studies were conducted from 2014 to 2016 in Indiana to assess long‐term tillage and N source effects on N 2 O emission, and in 2015 and 2016 on relationships between N 2 O losses and N recovery efficiency (NRE) and N use efficiency (NUE), in a continuous corn system. Tillage treatments (mostly in place since 1975) consisted of no till (NT), strip till (ST), chisel plow (CP), and moldboard plow (MP), whereas the N source comparison involved sidedress urea ammonium nitrate applied at 220 kg N ha −1 with and without nitrapyrin. Grain yield averaged 6.5% greater for MP than for CP and NT in the 3‐yr period. Nitrapyrin never increased grain yield or NRE but reduced cumulative seasonal N 2 O emission in 1 yr. Tillage affected N 2 O emission in 2 of 3 yr, when emissions decreased in the order MP > CP > ST > NT. Significant negative linear relationships existed between N 2 O emission and NRE under NT and ST, and between N 2 O and NUE under ST, but not for CP and MP. Overall, N 2 O losses under ST and NT decreased by 17 and 13 g N ha −1 , respectively, per unit increase of NRE, and by 63 g N ha −1 per unit increase of NUE under ST. Our results confirmed that selected management systems such as NT or ST that improved NRE and/or NUE can potentially reduce N 2 O emissions during continuous corn production. Core Ideas Seasonal N 2 O losses were lower for no till (NT) and strip till (ST) vs. chisel and moldboard plow. Mean N recovery efficiency (NRE) in continuous corn with 220 kg N ha −1 exceeded 70%. Negative linear relationships existed between NRE or NUE and N 2 O under NT and ST. Rate of cumulative N 2 O emission decline per unit gain in NRE was highest under NT.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Moldboard plow grain yield averaged 6.5% above chisel plow and no till.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse1 - Treatment
- MPe0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 6.5%e0
- Comparator
- CP and NTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield averaged 6.5% greater for MP than for CP and NT in the 3‐yr period”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrapyrin did not increase corn grain yield.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- Nitrapyrine0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- never increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrapyrin never increased grain yield or NRE”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrapyrin did not increase nitrogen recovery efficiency.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- Nitrapyrine0
- Outcome
- NREe0
- Direction
- never increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrapyrin never increased grain yield or NRE”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrapyrin reduced cumulative seasonal N2O emission in one year.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- Nitrapyrine0
- Outcome
- cumulative seasonal N 2 O emissione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 1 yre0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrapyrin never increased grain yield or NRE but reduced cumulative seasonal N 2 O emission in 1 yr”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage affected N2O emissions in two of three years, with MP highest and NT lowest.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- Tillagee0
- Outcome
- N 2 O emissione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- MP > CP > ST > NTe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tillage affected N 2 O emission in 2 of 3 yr, when emissions decreased in the order MP > CP > ST > NT”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
N2O emissions were negatively related to NRE under no till.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant negative linear relationships existed between N 2 O emission and NRE under NT and ST, and between N 2 O and NUE under ST, but not for CP and MP”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
N2O emissions were negatively related to NRE under strip till.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant negative linear relationships existed between N 2 O emission and NRE under NT and ST, and between N 2 O and NUE under ST, but not for CP and MP”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
N2O emissions were negatively related to NUE under strip till.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant negative linear relationships existed between N 2 O emission and NRE under NT and ST, and between N 2 O and NUE under ST, but not for CP and MP”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under strip till, N2O losses declined 17 g N ha−1 per NRE unit gained.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Outcome
- N 2 O lossese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 17e0
- Qualifier
- per unit increase of NREe0
- Setting
- STe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N 2 O losses under ST and NT decreased by 17 and 13 g N ha −1 , respectively, per unit increase of NRE”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under no till, N2O losses declined 13 g N ha−1 per NRE unit gained.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Outcome
- N 2 O lossese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 13 g N ha −1e0
- Qualifier
- per unit increase of NREe0
- Setting
- NTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N 2 O losses under ST and NT decreased by 17 and 13 g N ha −1 , respectively, per unit increase of NRE”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under strip till, N2O losses declined 63 g N ha−1 per NUE unit gained.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Outcome
- N 2 O lossese1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 63 g N ha −1e0
- Qualifier
- per unit increase of NUEe0
- Setting
- STe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by 63 g N ha −1 per unit increase of NUE under ST”
e1“N 2 O losses under ST and NT decreased”
e2“corn ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn NRE under 220 kg N ha−1 exceeded 70%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- 220 kg N ha −1e0
- Outcome
- N recovery efficiencye0
- Value
- 70%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mean N recovery efficiency (NRE) in continuous corn with 220 kg N ha −1 exceeded 70%”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that no till or strip till may reduce N2O emissions by improving NRE or NUE.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- NT or STe0
- Outcome
- reduce N 2 O emissionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“selected management systems such as NT or ST that improved NRE and/or NUE can potentially reduce N 2 O emissions during continuous corn production”
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