Abstract
The transition from the vegetative to the reproductive stage, which is called as flowering, is an important process of plant growth. Many studies had investigated the regulation of flowering in Arabidopsis, but few studies addressed rice and other crops, particularly neglecting the effects of nutrients on rice flowering. This study was conducted to clarify the effects of different nutrients on the characteristic parameters of rice flowering. Five gradients of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer were set respectively to study the effects of nutrients on rice flowering time and flowering duration. The results showed that N, P, and K fertilizers affected the growth and the flowering time of rice. The grain numbers per panicle increased by 31.4%, 23.9%, and 48.2%, and the panicle numbers increased by 55.1%, 29.2%, and 6.7% after application of N, P, K fertilizers, respectively. N application delayed the rice flowering time by 1–4 days, and further increasing the N application led to even later flowering. Compared to no nitrogen application (N0), N application treatments prolonged the flowering duration per panicle, per hill, and group by 0.5–1.2 days, 0.7–1.7 days, and 0.7–2.0 days, respectively. After application of P fertilizer, rice flowering was 1 day ahead of schedule, and no significant difference was found between P levels. K application clearly promoted early flowering by 1–3 days, and the higher the application rate of K fertilizer, the earlier the flowering. The application of P and K fertilizers had no significant effects on the duration of rice flowering. The above evidence indicated that fertilization is an important measure to regulate flowering in rice production. This can serve as an optimized protocol for future studies about the physiological and molecular mechanism of flower induction by nutrients.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
N fertilizer application increased grain numbers per panicle by 31.4% in rice.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- application of Ne1
- Outcome
- grain numbers per paniclee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 31.4%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The grain numbers per panicle increased by 31.4%, 23.9%, and 48.2%, and the panicle numbers increased by 55.1%, 29.2%, and 6.7% after application of N, P, K fertilizers, respectively”
t0“flowering time of rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
P fertilizer application increased grain numbers per panicle by 23.9% in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- application of P fertilizere4
- Outcome
- grain numbers per paniclee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 23.9%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The grain numbers per panicle increased by 31.4%, 23.9%, and 48.2%, and the panicle numbers increased by 55.1%, 29.2%, and 6.7% after application of N, P, K fertilizers, respectively”
e4“After application of P fertilizer, rice flowering was 1 day ahead of schedule, and no significant difference was found between P levels”
t0“flowering time of rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
K fertilizer application increased grain numbers per panicle by 48.2% in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- K applicatione5
- Outcome
- grain numbers per paniclee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 48.2%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The grain numbers per panicle increased by 31.4%, 23.9%, and 48.2%, and the panicle numbers increased by 55.1%, 29.2%, and 6.7% after application of N, P, K fertilizers, respectively”
e5“K application clearly promoted early flowering by 1–3 days, and the higher the application rate of K fertilizer, the earlier the flowering”
t0“flowering time of rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
N fertilizer application increased panicle numbers by 55.1% in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- application of Ne1
- Outcome
- panicle numberse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 55.1%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The grain numbers per panicle increased by 31.4%, 23.9%, and 48.2%, and the panicle numbers increased by 55.1%, 29.2%, and 6.7% after application of N, P, K fertilizers, respectively”
t0“flowering time of rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
P fertilizer application increased panicle numbers by 29.2% in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- application of P fertilizere4
- Outcome
- panicle numberse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 29.2%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The grain numbers per panicle increased by 31.4%, 23.9%, and 48.2%, and the panicle numbers increased by 55.1%, 29.2%, and 6.7% after application of N, P, K fertilizers, respectively”
e4“After application of P fertilizer, rice flowering was 1 day ahead of schedule, and no significant difference was found between P levels”
t0“flowering time of rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
K fertilizer application increased panicle numbers by 6.7% in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- K applicatione5
- Outcome
- panicle numberse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 6.7%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The grain numbers per panicle increased by 31.4%, 23.9%, and 48.2%, and the panicle numbers increased by 55.1%, 29.2%, and 6.7% after application of N, P, K fertilizers, respectively”
e5“K application clearly promoted early flowering by 1–3 days, and the higher the application rate of K fertilizer, the earlier the flowering”
t0“flowering time of rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
N application delayed rice flowering time by 1–4 days.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N applicatione2
- Outcome
- flowering timee2
- Direction
- delayede2
- Value
- 1–4 dayse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“N application delayed the rice flowering time by 1–4 days, and further increasing the N application led to even later flowering”
t0“flowering time of rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Further increasing N application led to even later rice flowering.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- further increasing the N applicatione2
- Outcome
- flowering timee2
- Direction
- latere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“N application delayed the rice flowering time by 1–4 days, and further increasing the N application led to even later flowering”
t0“flowering time of rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
N application prolonged rice flowering duration per panicle by 0.5–1.2 days relative to no nitrogen application.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N applicatione3
- Outcome
- flowering duratione3
- Direction
- prolongede3
- Value
- 0.5–1.2 dayse3
- Qualifier
- per paniclee3
- Comparator
- no nitrogen application (N0)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Compared to no nitrogen application (N0), N application treatments prolonged the flowering duration per panicle, per hill, and group by 0.5–1.2 days, 0.7–1.7 days, and 0.7–2.0 days, respectively”
t0“flowering time of rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
N application prolonged rice flowering duration per hill by 0.7–1.7 days relative to no nitrogen application.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N applicatione3
- Outcome
- flowering duratione3
- Direction
- prolongede3
- Value
- 0.7–1.7 dayse3
- Qualifier
- per hille3
- Comparator
- no nitrogen application (N0)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Compared to no nitrogen application (N0), N application treatments prolonged the flowering duration per panicle, per hill, and group by 0.5–1.2 days, 0.7–1.7 days, and 0.7–2.0 days, respectively”
t0“flowering time of rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
N application prolonged rice flowering duration per group by 0.7–2.0 days relative to no nitrogen application.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N applicatione3
- Outcome
- flowering duratione3
- Direction
- prolongede3
- Value
- 0.7–2.0 dayse3
- Qualifier
- groupe3
- Comparator
- no nitrogen application (N0)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Compared to no nitrogen application (N0), N application treatments prolonged the flowering duration per panicle, per hill, and group by 0.5–1.2 days, 0.7–1.7 days, and 0.7–2.0 days, respectively”
t0“flowering time of rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
P fertilizer application brought rice flowering 1 day ahead of schedule.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- application of P fertilizere4
- Outcome
- rice floweringe4
- Direction
- ahead of schedulee4
- Value
- 1 daye4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“After application of P fertilizer, rice flowering was 1 day ahead of schedule, and no significant difference was found between P levels”
t0“flowering time of rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
No significant difference in rice flowering was found between P fertilizer levels.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- application of P fertilizere4
- Outcome
- rice floweringe4
- Direction
- no significant differencee4
- Comparator
- P levelse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“After application of P fertilizer, rice flowering was 1 day ahead of schedule, and no significant difference was found between P levels”
t0“flowering time of rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
K application promoted early rice flowering by 1–3 days.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- K applicatione5
- Outcome
- early floweringe5
- Direction
- promotede5
- Value
- 1–3 dayse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“K application clearly promoted early flowering by 1–3 days, and the higher the application rate of K fertilizer, the earlier the flowering”
t0“flowering time of rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher K fertilizer application rates brought rice flowering earlier.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- the higher the application rate of K fertilizere5
- Outcome
- floweringe5
- Direction
- earliere5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“K application clearly promoted early flowering by 1–3 days, and the higher the application rate of K fertilizer, the earlier the flowering”
t0“flowering time of rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
P and K fertilizer application had no significant effect on the duration of rice flowering.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- application of P and K fertilizerse6
- Outcome
- duration of rice floweringe6
- Direction
- no significant effectse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The application of P and K fertilizers had no significant effects on the duration of rice flowering”
t0“flowering time of rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization is an important measure to regulate flowering in rice production.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- fertilizatione7
- Outcome
- regulate floweringe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“The above evidence indicated that fertilization is an important measure to regulate flowering in rice production”
t0“flowering time of rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
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