Abstract
The effect of 7 different crop and pasture sequences and cereal stubble management on soil nitrogen (N) levels and growth and grain yield of 2 subsequent rice crops was studied over 6 years (1986-92) on a Birganbigil clay loam soil at Yanco Agricultural Institute. After harvest of an initial rice crop in 1987, the following crop sequences were imposed: continuous annual rice cropping; 2 triticale crops, 2 seasons of pasture; pasture for 4 seasons; a second rice crop, 3 seasons of pasture; a second and third rice crop, 2 seasons of pasture; winter cereals; double cropped (winter-summer) on raised beds. The growth and productivity of 2 subsequent rice crops (1990-91, 1991-92) was then evaluated. Stubble retention rather than burning was practiced on half of each plot. Half of each pasture plot was sown to annual pasture (Trifolium subterraneum), while the other half was sown to perennial pasture (Trifolium repens). All plots returned to rice in 1990-91 and N rates up to 400 kg N/ka were applied. No fertiliser was applied to the 1991-92 crop. Anaerobic incubation ammonium content of soil, sampled before sowing of the 1990-91 rice crop, ranged from 28 to 85 pg/g oven-dried soil. The 1990-91 rice crop reduced soil ammonium by 30 y g/g in all sequences except continuous annual rice cropping. These differences in soil ammonium content were significantly correlated with rice growth and yield. Dry matter at panicle initiation and at physiological maturity and grain yield all increased significantly with N fertiliser application for all crop sequences. This indicates the benefit of N fertiliser, even after a 4-year pasture phase. Modelled grain yield from the unfertilised 2-year subterranean clover pasture (10.4 t/ha) was equal to that from the continuous rice sequence receiving 212 kg N/ha. Applying 320 kg N/ha to continuous rice plots produced yields similar to that of the 2-year subterranean clover pasture sequence, which received 98 kg N/ha. This indicates that the major effect on grain yield of different crop sequences could be alleviated through high N applications. Stubble management had little effect on rice growth or grain yield. Sequences with pasture phases of 2, 3, and 4 years produced similar rice grain yields. Pasture phases still had a positive effect, compared with continuous ricegrowing, on the second rice crop; however, crop growth and grain yield were about half that obtained from the unfertilised plots of the first rice crop. We conclude that continuous, high-yielding, annual ricegrowing can be maintained provided the N supply is adequate, that highly productive legume-dominant pasture phases of 2, 3, or 4 years contribute eqivalent amounts of N to succeeding rice crops, and that stubble management technique or pasture type has little effect on grain yield.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Before sowing, soil ammonium ranged from 28 to 85 pg/g oven-dried soil.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Outcome
- ammonium content of soile0
- Value
- 28 to 85 pg/g oven-dried soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anaerobic incubation ammonium content of soil, sampled before sowing of the 1990-91 rice crop, ranged from 28 to 85 pg/g oven-dried soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
The 1990-91 rice crop reduced soil ammonium in all sequences except continuous rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- soil ammoniume0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 30 y g/ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 1990-91 rice crop reduced soil ammonium by 30 y g/g in all sequences except continuous annual rice cropping.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil ammonium differences were significantly correlated with rice growth and yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Compound
- soil ammoniume0
- Outcome
- rice growth and yielde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These differences in soil ammonium content were significantly correlated with rice growth and yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased dry matter at panicle initiation.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Dry matter at panicle initiation and at physiological maturity and grain yield all increased significantly with N fertiliser application for all crop sequences.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased dry matter at physiological maturity.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Dry matter at panicle initiation and at physiological maturity and grain yield all increased significantly with N fertiliser application for all crop sequences.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased grain yield.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Dry matter at panicle initiation and at physiological maturity and grain yield all increased significantly with N fertiliser application for all crop sequences.”
Claim · model-written summary
Unfertilized two-year subterranean clover pasture modeled yield equaled continuous rice with 212 kg N/ha.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- Modelled grain yielde0
- Direction
- equal toe0
- Value
- 10.4 t/hae0
- Comparator
- continuous rice sequencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Modelled grain yield from the unfertilised 2-year subterranean clover pasture (10.4 t/ha) was equal to that from the continuous rice sequence receiving 212 kg N/ha.”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous rice receiving 320 kg N/ha had yield similar to a two-year clover pasture sequence receiving 98 kg N/ha.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 320 kg N/hae0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- similar toe0
- Comparator
- 2-year subterranean clover pasture sequencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applying 320 kg N/ha to continuous rice plots produced yields similar to that of the 2-year subterranean clover pasture sequence, which received 98 kg N/ha.”
Claim · model-written summary
Stubble management had little effect on rice growth.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Stubble managemente0
- Outcome
- rice growthe0
- Direction
- little effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stubble management had little effect on rice growth or grain yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Stubble management had little effect on grain yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Stubble managemente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- little effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stubble management had little effect on rice growth or grain yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pasture phases of two, three and four years produced similar rice grain yields.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- rice grain yieldse0
- Direction
- similare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sequences with pasture phases of 2, 3, and 4 years produced similar rice grain yields.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pasture phases had a positive effect over continuous rice on the second rice crop.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Pasture phasese0
- Outcome
- second rice crope0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
- Comparator
- continuous ricegrowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pasture phases still had a positive effect, compared with continuous ricegrowing, on the second rice crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Second crop growth was about half that of unfertilized first rice crop plots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- crop growthe0
- Direction
- about halfe0
- Comparator
- unfertilised plots of the first rice crope0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“crop growth and grain yield were about half that obtained from the unfertilised plots of the first rice crop.”
Claim · model-written summary
Second crop grain yield was about half that of unfertilized first rice crop plots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- about halfe0
- Comparator
- unfertilised plots of the first rice crope0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“crop growth and grain yield were about half that obtained from the unfertilised plots of the first rice crop.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude continuous annual rice can remain high yielding with adequate nitrogen.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- continuous, high-yielding, annual ricegrowing can be maintained provided the N supply is adequatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous, high-yielding, annual ricegrowing can be maintained provided the N supply is adequate”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude two-, three- and four-year legume pastures contribute equivalent nitrogen to subsequent rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- eqivalent amounts of N to succeeding rice cropse0
- Direction
- eqivalente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highly productive legume-dominant pasture phases of 2, 3, or 4 years contribute eqivalent amounts of N to succeeding rice crops”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude stubble management technique and pasture type have little effect on grain yield.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“stubble management technique or pasture type has little effect on grain yield.”
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