Abstract
Apple scab, Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G. Winter, results in numerous fungicide applications in the Sais region of Morocco. We conducted the study to determine the susceptibility of cultivars through field survey and to evaluate the sensitivity of V. inaequalis to three fungicides using both in vitro and in vivo methods. We surveyed 100 apple orchards and collected two samples. Disease survey showed that the cultivars were highly susceptible to apple scab (grand mean of leaf scab: Golden Delicious, 40.31%; Starking Delicious, 20.45%; and Gala, 18.92%). Results underlined no significant differences between isolates in term of inhibition rate of mycelial growth and averaged disease severity. However, both treatment and concentration were statistically significant. EC50 values ranged from 2.33 µg/ml to 7.40 µg/ml and resistance factor (RF) values of 0.55, 1.02 and 1.79 were obtained for difenoconazole, trifloxystrobin and thiophanate-methyl, respectively. In vivo tests at a concentration of 10 µg/ml on the isolate ViIF using a curative method showed a high efficacy of trifloxystrobin (96.38%), and low efficacy of thiophanate-methyl (29.65%) and difenoconazole (24.62%). V. inaequalis was most sensitive to trifloxystrobin followed by difenoconazole and thiophanate-methyl, respectively. From this work, it was recommended testing more isolates and contact fungicides in order to develop a baseline sensitivity of the pathogen population against commonly used fungicides to treat the disease, as continued usage over time and the introduction of new fungal races may result in a decrease in fungicide efficacy.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Golden Delicious had mean leaf scab severity of 40.31%.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Material
- Golden Deliciouse0
- Outcome
- leaf scabe0
- Value
- 40.31%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grand mean of leaf scab: Golden Delicious, 40.31%; Starking Delicious, 20.45%; and Gala, 18.92%”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Starking Delicious had mean leaf scab severity of 20.45%.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Starking Deliciouse0
- Outcome
- leaf scabe0
- Value
- 20.45%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grand mean of leaf scab: Golden Delicious, 40.31%; Starking Delicious, 20.45%; and Gala, 18.92%”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Gala had mean leaf scab severity of 18.92%.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Galae0
- Outcome
- leaf scabe0
- Value
- 18.92%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grand mean of leaf scab: Golden Delicious, 40.31%; Starking Delicious, 20.45%; and Gala, 18.92%”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Isolates did not differ significantly in mycelial growth inhibition or disease severity.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- inhibition rate of mycelial growth and averaged disease severitye0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no significant differences between isolates in term of inhibition rate of mycelial growth and averaged disease severity”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment and concentration effects were statistically significant.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- treatment and concentratione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both treatment and concentration were statistically significant”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
EC50 values ranged from 2.33 to 7.40 µg/ml.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- EC50 valuese0
- Value
- 2.33 µg/ml to 7.40 µg/mle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EC50 values ranged from 2.33 µg/ml to 7.40 µg/ml”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Difenoconazole resistance factor was 0.55.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- difenoconazolee0
- Outcome
- resistance factor (RF) valuese0
- Value
- 0.55e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resistance factor (RF) values of 0.55, 1.02 and 1.79 were obtained for difenoconazole, trifloxystrobin and thiophanate-methyl, respectively”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifloxystrobin resistance factor was 1.02.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- trifloxystrobine0
- Outcome
- resistance factor (RF) valuese0
- Value
- 1.02e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resistance factor (RF) values of 0.55, 1.02 and 1.79 were obtained for difenoconazole, trifloxystrobin and thiophanate-methyl, respectively”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiophanate-methyl resistance factor was 1.79.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- thiophanate-methyle0
- Outcome
- resistance factor (RF) valuese0
- Value
- 1.79e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resistance factor (RF) values of 0.55, 1.02 and 1.79 were obtained for difenoconazole, trifloxystrobin and thiophanate-methyl, respectively”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifloxystrobin showed 96.38% curative efficacy against isolate ViIF.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- trifloxystrobine0
- Outcome
- efficacye0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- 96.38%e0
- Qualifier
- 10 µg/ml on the isolate ViIFe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In vivo tests at a concentration of 10 µg/ml on the isolate ViIF using a curative method showed a high efficacy of trifloxystrobin (96.38%)”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiophanate-methyl showed 29.65% curative efficacy.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- thiophanate-methyle0
- Outcome
- efficacye0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Value
- 29.65%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low efficacy of thiophanate-methyl (29.65%) and difenoconazole (24.62%)”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Difenoconazole showed 24.62% curative efficacy.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low efficacy of thiophanate-methyl (29.65%) and difenoconazole (24.62%)”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
V. inaequalis was most sensitive to trifloxystrobin, then difenoconazole, then thiophanate-methyl.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- V. inaequalis
Venturia inaequalise0pathogen - Outcome
- V. inaequalis was most sensitive to trifloxystrobin followed by difenoconazole and thiophanate-methyle0
- Direction
- most sensitivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“V. inaequalis was most sensitive to trifloxystrobin followed by difenoconazole and thiophanate-methyl, respectively”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommended testing more isolates and contact fungicides to establish baseline sensitivity.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- testing more isolates and contact fungicidese0
- Qualifier
- develop a baseline sensitivity of the pathogen populatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“recommended testing more isolates and contact fungicides in order to develop a baseline sensitivity of the pathogen population”
t0“Apple”
The same questions in other papers
thiophanate-methyl · control · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
difenoconazole · control · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
trifloxystrobin · control · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.