Abstract
The effectiveness of a disease-warning system and efficacy of reduced-risk fungicides for management of sooty blotch ( Peltaster fructicola , Leptodontium elatius , Geastrumia polystigmatis ) and flyspeck ( Schizothyrium pomi ) (SBFS) of apple ( Malus × domestica ) were evaluated in Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin in 2001 and 2002. Warning system-timed applications of the second-cover fungicide spray occurred when 175 h of leaf wetness had accumulated; wetness data were derived either from a sensor placed beneath the canopy of apple trees (on-site) or according to remotely sensed estimates. In replicated experiments, using sensor measurements as inputs to the warning system saved one to three (mean 1.8) and zero to four (mean 2.3) fungicide sprays per season in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Because remotely estimated wetness hours accumulated more rapidly than did on-site measurements, the warning system using remotely sensed wetness data saved only zero to one (mean 0.3) and zero to two (mean 0.7) sprays per season in 2001 and 2002, respectively. SBFS incidence in the integrated pest management (IPM) plots did not differ significantly from that of conventional calendar-based fungicide sprays plots in 11 of 12 site-years. When on-site wetness measurements were used in demonstration trials at 14 cooperating commercial orchards in 2001 and 2002, the SBFS warning system saved one to six (mean 2.6) and two to seven (mean 3.1) sprays per season, respectively. Incidence of SBFS in IPM plots did not differ significantly from trees managed with cooperating growers' conventional fungicide schedules in 16 of 28 siteyears. The on-site warning system was more consistently successful in Illinois and Iowa than it was in Wisconsin in both replicated experiments and in cooperating commercial orchards. The reduced-risk fungicides kresoximmethyl and trifloxystrobin provided control of SBFS equal to conventional fungicides (benomyl or thiophanatemethyl) in all trials. Potassium bicarbonate controlled SBFS less effectively than either conventional fungicides on a calendar-based or disease-warning schedule, or treatments incorporating reduced-risk fungicides.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
In 2001, the sensor-based warning system saved one to three fungicide sprays (mean 1.8) per season in apple.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- warning systeme0
- Outcome
- sprays per seasone0
- Direction
- savede0
- Value
- one to three (mean 1.8)e0
- Qualifier
- 2001e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“using sensor measurements as inputs to the warning system saved one to three (mean 1.8) and zero to four (mean 2.3) fungicide sprays per season in 2001 and 2002, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2002, the sensor-based warning system saved zero to four fungicide sprays (mean 2.3) per season in apple.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- warning systeme0
- Outcome
- sprays per seasone0
- Direction
- savede0
- Value
- zero to four (mean 2.3)e0
- Qualifier
- 2002e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“using sensor measurements as inputs to the warning system saved one to three (mean 1.8) and zero to four (mean 2.3) fungicide sprays per season in 2001 and 2002, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2001, the warning system using remotely sensed wetness data saved only zero to one spray (mean 0.3) per season.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- warning systeme1
- Outcome
- sprays per seasone1
- Direction
- savede1
- Value
- zero to one (mean 0.3)e1
- Qualifier
- 2001e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e1“the warning system using remotely sensed wetness data saved only zero to one (mean 0.3) and zero to two (mean 0.7) sprays per season in 2001 and 2002, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2002, the warning system using remotely sensed wetness data saved only zero to two sprays (mean 0.7) per season.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- warning systeme1
- Outcome
- sprays per seasone1
- Direction
- savede1
- Value
- zero to two (mean 0.7)e1
- Qualifier
- 2002e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e1“the warning system using remotely sensed wetness data saved only zero to one (mean 0.3) and zero to two (mean 0.7) sprays per season in 2001 and 2002, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2001 demonstration trials in 14 commercial orchards, the on-site SBFS warning system saved one to six sprays (mean 2.6) per season.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- warning systeme2
- Outcome
- sprays per seasone2
- Direction
- savede2
- Value
- one to six (mean 2.6)e2
- Qualifier
- 2001e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e2“demonstration trials at 14 cooperating commercial orchards in 2001 and 2002, the SBFS warning system saved one to six (mean 2.6) and two to seven (mean 3.1) sprays per season”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2002 demonstration trials in 14 commercial orchards, the on-site SBFS warning system saved two to seven sprays (mean 3.1) per season.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- warning systeme2
- Outcome
- sprays per seasone2
- Direction
- savede2
- Value
- two to seven (mean 3.1)e2
- Qualifier
- 2002e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e2“demonstration trials at 14 cooperating commercial orchards in 2001 and 2002, the SBFS warning system saved one to six (mean 2.6) and two to seven (mean 3.1) sprays per season”
Claim · model-written summary
SBFS incidence in IPM plots did not differ significantly from conventional calendar-based fungicide spray plots in 11 of 12 site-years.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- integrated pest management (IPM) plotse3
- Interactor
- SBFSe3pathogen
- Outcome
- SBFS incidencee3
- Direction
- did not differ significantlye3
- Value
- 11 of 12 site-yearse3
- Comparator
- conventional calendar-based fungicide sprays plotse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e3“SBFS incidence in the integrated pest management (IPM) plots did not differ significantly from that of conventional calendar-based fungicide sprays plots in 11 of 12 site-years”
Claim · model-written summary
Incidence of SBFS in IPM plots did not differ significantly from trees under growers' conventional fungicide schedules in 16 of 28 site-years in commercial orchards.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- IPM plotse4
- Interactor
- SBFSe4pathogen
- Outcome
- Incidence of SBFSe4
- Direction
- did not differ significantlye4
- Value
- 16 of 28 siteyearse4
- Comparator
- cooperating growers' conventional fungicide schedulese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e4“Incidence of SBFS in IPM plots did not differ significantly from trees managed with cooperating growers' conventional fungicide schedules in 16 of 28 siteyears”
Claim · model-written summary
The on-site warning system was more consistently successful in Illinois and Iowa than in Wisconsin, in both replicated experiments and commercial orchards.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- consistently successfule5
- Direction
- more consistentlye5
- Comparator
- Wisconsine5
- Setting
- Illinois and Iowae5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e5“The on-site warning system was more consistently successful in Illinois and Iowa than it was in Wisconsin in both replicated experiments and in cooperating commercial orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
The reduced-risk fungicides kresoxim-methyl and trifloxystrobin controlled SBFS equally well as conventional fungicides (benomyl or thiophanate-methyl) in all trials.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- reduced-risk fungicides kresoximmethyl and trifloxystrobine6
- Interactor
- SBFSe6pathogen
- Outcome
- control of SBFSe6
- Direction
- equale6
- Comparator
- conventional fungicides (benomyl or thiophanatemethyl)e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e6“The reduced-risk fungicides kresoximmethyl and trifloxystrobin provided control of SBFS equal to conventional fungicides (benomyl or thiophanatemethyl) in all trials”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium bicarbonate controlled SBFS less effectively than conventional fungicides on calendar or warning schedules, or than treatments incorporating reduced-risk fungicides.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Potassium bicarbonatee7
- Interactor
- SBFSe7pathogen
- Outcome
- controlled SBFSe7
- Direction
- less effectivelye7
- Comparator
- conventional fungicides on a calendar-based or disease-warning schedulee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e7“Potassium bicarbonate controlled SBFS less effectively than either conventional fungicides on a calendar-based or disease-warning schedule, or treatments incorporating reduced-risk fungicides”
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