Abstract
Elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) and increased nitrogen (N) fertilization significantly change the nutritional quality of plants and influence the growth and development of insects. However, little is known about plant metabolism and plant-insect interactions under eCO2 and increased N fertilization, especially C4 plants. Thus, the combined effects of eCO2 and increased N fertilization on maize-Ostrinia furnacalis interactions were tested in this study. Our data demonstrated that both eCO2 and increased N fertilization increased and starch content, while increased N fertilization promoted the N content in maize. The combined effects of eCO2 and increased N fertilization did not influenced thetotal non-structural carbohydrates (TNC):N ratio in maize. The jasmonic acid level of maize was enhanced by increased N fertilization and O. furnacalis infestation. The total phenolics content and defensive enzyme activities of maize increased under eCO2, increased N fertilization and O. furnacalis infestation. Protective enzyme activities were enhanced, while digestive enzyme activities, mean relative growth rate, body mass and efficiency of conversion of ingested food decreased for O. furnacalis feeding on maize grown under eCO2 and increased N fertilization. Therefore, eCO2 and increased N fertilization increased starch and N accumulation, and did not influence the TNC:N ratio, however promoted the resistance related secondary metabolites (with or without O. furnacalis induced) of maize, which ultimately decreased the fitness of O. furnacalis to the host. These results will help to better understand the metabolic mechanisms of plants and the plant-insect interaction under eCO2 and increased N fertilization in the context of future climate change scenarios.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Combined eCO2 and increased N fertilization increased maize starch content.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on maize-Ostrinia furnacalis interactions”
e1“both eCO2 and increased N fertilization increased and starch content”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased N fertilization promoted the N content of maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased N fertilization promoted the N content in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined eCO2 and increased N fertilization did not influence the total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC):N ratio of maize.
- Treatment
- eCO2 and increased N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC):N ratioe0
- Direction
- did not influencede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined effects of eCO2 and increased N fertilization did not influenced thetotal non-structural carbohydrates (TNC):N ratio in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
O. furnacalis infestation and increased N fertilization enhanced the jasmonic acid level of maize.
- Treatment
- increased N fertilizatione0
- Interactor
- O. furnacalis
Ostrinia furnacalise0pest - Outcome
- jasmonic acid levele0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The jasmonic acid level of maize was enhanced by increased N fertilization and O. furnacalis infestation”
Claim · model-written summary
Under eCO2, increased N fertilization and O. furnacalis infestation, maize total phenolics content and defensive enzyme activities increased.
- Treatment
- eCO2, increased N fertilization and O. furnacalis infestatione0
- Interactor
- O. furnacalisOstrinia furnacalise0pest
- Outcome
- total phenolics content and defensive enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total phenolics content and defensive enzyme activities of maize increased under eCO2, increased N fertilization and O. furnacalis infestation”
Claim · model-written summary
Protective enzyme activities of O. furnacalis feeding on maize grown under eCO2 and increased N fertilization were enhanced.
- Treatment
- eCO2 and increased N fertilizatione0
- Interactor
- O. furnacalisOstrinia furnacalise0pest
- Outcome
- Protective enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Protective enzyme activities were enhanced, while digestive enzyme activities, mean relative growth rate, body mass and efficiency of conversion of ingested food decreased for O. furnacalis feeding on maize grown under eCO2 and increased N fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Digestive enzyme activities of O. furnacalis feeding on maize grown under eCO2 and increased N fertilization decreased.
- Treatment
- eCO2 and increased N fertilizatione0
- Interactor
- O. furnacalisOstrinia furnacalise0pest
- Outcome
- digestive enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Protective enzyme activities were enhanced, while digestive enzyme activities, mean relative growth rate, body mass and efficiency of conversion of ingested food decreased for O. furnacalis feeding on maize grown under eCO2 and increased N fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean relative growth rate, body mass and efficiency of conversion of ingested food of O. furnacalis feeding on maize grown under eCO2 and increased N fertilization decreased.
- Treatment
- eCO2 and increased N fertilizatione0
- Interactor
- O. furnacalisOstrinia furnacalise0pest
- Outcome
- mean relative growth rate, body mass and efficiency of conversion of ingested foode0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Protective enzyme activities were enhanced, while digestive enzyme activities, mean relative growth rate, body mass and efficiency of conversion of ingested food decreased for O. furnacalis feeding on maize grown under eCO2 and increased N fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistance-related secondary metabolites promoted by eCO2 and increased N fertilization decreased the fitness of O. furnacalis on maize.
- Treatment
- eCO2 and increased N fertilizatione0
- Interactor
- O. furnacalisOstrinia furnacalise1pest
- Outcome
- fitness of O. furnacalise1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“eCO2 and increased N fertilization increased starch and N accumulation”
e1“promoted the resistance related secondary metabolites (with or without O. furnacalis induced) of maize, which ultimately decreased the fitness of O. furnacalis to the host”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.