Abstract
The effect of temperature and soil moisture content on the toxicity of soil-applied 5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3(2 H )-pyridazinone (pyrazon) to sugar beets ( Beta vulgaris L. ‘U.S. H-8’) was studied under controlled environmental conditions. High temperatures during or after germination increased the susceptibility of sugar beets to pyrazon while variations in soil moisture content did not have a significant effect. Sugar beet seeds absorbed three times more pyrazon at 35 C than at 18.3 C. During imbibition more than 90% of the pyrazon taken up by sugar beet fruits was concentrated in the pericarps surrounding the seeds. Furthermore, the herbicide which had been accumulated in the pericarp during imbibition did not move into the tissues of the developing seedling during or after germination. Comparative studies showed that there was a lag period in absorption of pyrazon by sugar beet seeds enclosed within their pericarps. This lag period did not occur in sugar beet seeds from which the pericarps had been removed, or in seeds of common lambsquarters ( Chenopodium album L.). It is concluded, therefore, that the pericarp contributes to a physical mechanism of selectivity which enables sugar beets to avoid great accumulation of pyrazon when the mechanism of biochemical inactivation of the herbicide is not yet operative.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
High temperatures during or after germination increased the susceptibility of sugar beets to pyrazon.
- Taxon
- sugar beets
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1 - Treatment
- High temperatures during or after germinatione1
- Outcome
- susceptibility of sugar beets to pyrazone1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“High temperatures during or after germination increased the susceptibility of sugar beets to pyrazon while variations in soil moisture content did not have a significant effect”
Claim · model-written summary
Variations in soil moisture content did not significantly change the susceptibility of sugar beets to pyrazon.
- Taxon
- sugar beetsBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- variations in soil moisture contente1
- Outcome
- susceptibility of sugar beets to pyrazone1
- Direction
- did not have a significant effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“High temperatures during or after germination increased the susceptibility of sugar beets to pyrazon while variations in soil moisture content did not have a significant effect”
Claim · model-written summary
Sugar beet seeds absorbed three times more pyrazon at 35 C than at 18.3 C.
- Taxon
- Sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise2
- Treatment
- 35 Ce2
- Outcome
- pyrazone2
- Direction
- three times moree2
- Value
- three timese2
- Comparator
- 18.3 Ce2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Sugar beet seeds absorbed three times more pyrazon at 35 C than at 18.3 C”
Claim · model-written summary
More than 90% of the pyrazon taken up by sugar beet fruits during imbibition was concentrated in the pericarps.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise3
- Organ / stage
- pericarpse3
- Outcome
- was concentrated in the pericarpse3
- Value
- more than 90%e3
- Qualifier
- During imbibitione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“During imbibition more than 90% of the pyrazon taken up by sugar beet fruits was concentrated in the pericarps surrounding the seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide accumulated in the pericarp did not move into the tissues of the developing seedling during or after germination.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise3
- Organ / stage
- pericarpe4
- Outcome
- the herbicide which had been accumulated in the pericarpe4
- Direction
- did not move into the tissues of the developing seedlinge4
- Qualifier
- during or after germinatione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“During imbibition more than 90% of the pyrazon taken up by sugar beet fruits was concentrated in the pericarps surrounding the seeds”
e4“the herbicide which had been accumulated in the pericarp during imbibition did not move into the tissues of the developing seedling during or after germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Sugar beet seeds enclosed within their pericarps showed a lag period in pyrazon absorption.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise5
- Outcome
- lag period in absorption of pyrazone5
- Qualifier
- enclosed within their pericarpse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Comparative studies showed that there was a lag period in absorption of pyrazon by sugar beet seeds enclosed within their pericarps”
Claim · model-written summary
Sugar beet seeds with pericarps removed showed no lag period in pyrazon absorption, unlike seeds enclosed within their pericarps.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise6
- Treatment
- the pericarps had been removede6
- Outcome
- lag periode6
- Direction
- did not occure6
- Comparator
- enclosed within their pericarpse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Comparative studies showed that there was a lag period in absorption of pyrazon by sugar beet seeds enclosed within their pericarps”
e6“This lag period did not occur in sugar beet seeds from which the pericarps had been removed, or in seeds of common lambsquarters”
Claim · model-written summary
Common lambsquarters seeds showed no lag period in pyrazon absorption.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise6
- Outcome
- lag periode6
- Direction
- did not occure6
- Qualifier
- in seeds of common lambsquarterse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“This lag period did not occur in sugar beet seeds from which the pericarps had been removed, or in seeds of common lambsquarters”
Claim · model-written summary
The pericarp contributes to a physical mechanism of selectivity that lets sugar beets avoid great pyrazon accumulation.
- Taxon
- sugar beetsBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise7
- Organ / stage
- pericarpe7
- Outcome
- physical mechanism of selectivitye7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“the pericarp contributes to a physical mechanism of selectivity which enables sugar beets”
The same questions in other papers
heat · disease · Beta vulgaris (beet)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
processing · disease · Beta vulgaris (beet)Positive and negative results
4 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.