Abstract
Abstract Atmospheric CO 2 enrichment affects C3 crops both directly via increased carbon gain and improved water use efficiency and indirectly via higher temperatures and more frequent climatic extremes. Here we investigated the response of spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Triso) to CO 2 enrichment (550 vs. 380 µmol/mol) and heat, applied as a constant +4°C increase or a typical heat wave either before or after anthesis, or as two typical heat waves before and after anthesis. We applied a climate chamber approach closely mimicking ambient conditions. CO 2 enrichment increased above‐ground biomass and yield by c. 7 and 10%, but was not able to compensate for adverse heat stress effects, neither before nor after anthesis, with few exceptions only. Yield depression due to heat stress was most severe when two heat waves were applied (−19%). This adverse effect was, however, compensated by CO 2 enrichment. Applying heat stress before or after anthesis did not exert different effects on yield for both +4°C warming and heat wave application. However, +4°C depressed yield more than a heat wave at ambient CO 2 , but not so at elevated CO 2 . Thus, the interactive effects were complex and prediction of future wheat yield under CO 2 enrichment and climate extremes deserves more attention.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
CO2 enrichment increased spring wheat above-ground biomass by about 7%.
- Taxon
- spring wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Material
- Trisoe0
- Treatment
- CO 2 enrichmente0
- Outcome
- above‐ground biomasse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- c. 7e1
- Comparator
- 380 µmol/mole0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Triso) to CO 2 enrichment (550 vs. 380 µmol/mol)”
e1“CO 2 enrichment increased above‐ground biomass and yield by c. 7 and 10%”
Claim · model-written summary
CO2 enrichment increased spring wheat yield by about 10%.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Trisoe0
- Treatment
- CO 2 enrichmente0
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 10%e1
- Comparator
- 380 µmol/mole0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Triso) to CO 2 enrichment (550 vs. 380 µmol/mol)”
e1“CO 2 enrichment increased above‐ground biomass and yield by c. 7 and 10%”
Claim · model-written summary
CO2 enrichment generally did not compensate for adverse heat effects before or after anthesis.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- CO 2 enrichmente0
- Outcome
- adverse heat stress effectse1
- Direction
- not able to compensatee1
- Qualifier
- with few exceptions onlye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Triso) to CO 2 enrichment (550 vs. 380 µmol/mol)”
e1“was not able to compensate for adverse heat stress effects, neither before nor after anthesis, with few exceptions only”
Claim · model-written summary
Two heat waves depressed wheat yield by 19%, the most severe heat response.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- two heat wavese0
- Outcome
- Yielde0
- Direction
- depressione0
- Value
- −19%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Yield depression due to heat stress was most severe when two heat waves were applied (−19%)”
Claim · model-written summary
CO2 enrichment compensated for the adverse yield effect of two heat waves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CO 2 enrichmente0
- Outcome
- Yield depressione0
- Direction
- compensatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Yield depression due to heat stress was most severe when two heat waves were applied (−19%). This adverse effect was, however, compensated by CO 2 enrichment”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress before versus after anthesis had similar yield effects for both warming modes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- heat stress beforee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- did not exert different effectse0
- Comparator
- after anthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Applying heat stress before or after anthesis did not exert different effects on yield for both +4°C warming and heat wave application”
Claim · model-written summary
At ambient CO2, constant +4°C warming depressed wheat yield more than a heat wave.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- +4°Ce0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- depressede0
- Qualifier
- ambient CO 2e0
- Comparator
- a heat wavee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“+4°C depressed yield more than a heat wave at ambient CO 2”
Claim · model-written summary
At elevated CO2, constant warming did not depress yield more than a heat wave.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- +4°Ce0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- not soe0
- Qualifier
- elevated CO 2e0
- Comparator
- a heat wavee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“+4°C depressed yield more than a heat wave at ambient CO 2 , but not so at elevated CO 2”
The same questions in other papers
co2 · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
123 papers in the same direction as this paper · 20 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
141 papers more in this group
See all 145 papers →co2 · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
173 papers in the same direction as this paper · 29 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
199 papers more in this group
See all 203 papers →heat · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
254 papers in the same direction as this paper · 54 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
305 papers more in this group
See all 309 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.