Abstract
BACKGROUND: Maize stover is an important source of crop residues and a promising sustainable energy source in the United States. Stalk is the main component of stover, representing about half of stover dry weight. Characterization of genetic determinants of stalk traits provide a foundation to optimize maize stover as a biofuel feedstock. We investigated maize natural genetic variation in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to detect candidate genes associated with traits related to stalk biomass (stalk diameter and plant height) and stalk anatomy (rind thickness, vascular bundle density and area). RESULTS: Using a panel of 942 diverse inbred lines, 899,784 RNA-Seq derived single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were identified. Stalk traits were measured on 800 members of the panel in replicated field trials across years. GWAS revealed 16 candidate genes associated with four stalk traits. Most of the detected candidate genes were involved in fundamental cellular functions, such as regulation of gene expression and cell cycle progression. Two of the regulatory genes (Zmm22 and an ortholog of Fpa) that were associated with plant height were previously shown to be involved in regulating the vegetative to floral transition. The association of Zmm22 with plant height was confirmed using a transgenic approach. Transgenic lines with increased expression of Zmm22 showed a significant decrease in plant height as well as tassel branch number, indicating a pleiotropic effect of Zmm22. CONCLUSION: Substantial heritable variation was observed in the association panel for stalk traits, indicating a large potential for improving useful stalk traits in breeding programs. Genome-wide association analyses detected several candidate genes associated with multiple traits, suggesting common regulatory elements underlie various stalk traits. Results of this study provide insights into the genetic control of maize stalk anatomy and biomass.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
RNA-Seq identified 899,784 SNP markers in 942 diverse maize inbred lines.
- Material
- 942 diverse inbred linese0
- Outcome
- single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markerse0
- Value
- 899,784e0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using a panel of 942 diverse inbred lines, 899,784 RNA-Seq derived single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were identified.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
GWAS found 16 candidate genes associated with four maize stalk traits.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GWAS revealed 16 candidate genes associated with four stalk traits.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Most detected candidate genes involved basic cellular functions.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Most of the detected candidate genes were involved in fundamental cellular functions, such as regulation of gene expression and cell cycle progression.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Zmm22 and an ortholog of Fpa were associated with plant height.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two of the regulatory genes (Zmm22 and an ortholog of Fpa) that were associated with plant height”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
A transgenic approach confirmed the association of Zmm22 with height.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The association of Zmm22 with plant height was confirmed using a transgenic approach.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased Zmm22 expression significantly decreased maize height.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transgenic lines with increased expression of Zmm22 showed a significant decrease in plant height as well as tassel branch number”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased Zmm22 expression significantly decreased tassel branch number.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transgenic lines with increased expression of Zmm22 showed a significant decrease in plant height as well as tassel branch number”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The association panel had substantial heritable variation in stalk traits.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Substantial heritable variation was observed in the association panel for stalk traits”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
GWAS detected candidate genes associated with multiple stalk traits.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Genome-wide association analyses detected several candidate genes associated with multiple traits”
t0“maize”
The same questions in other papers
transgenic · growth · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
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