Abstract
Penicillium italicum causes blue mold disease and leads to huge economic losses in citrus production. As a natural antifungal agent, clove essential oil (CEO), which is a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) substance, shows strong in vitro activity against fungal pathogens. However, few studies on CEO for controlling postharvest blue mold disease caused by P. italicum in citrus fruit have been reported. Our aims were to investigate the control efficacy and possible mechanisms involved of CEO against P. italicum. In the present study, CEO treatment inhibited the disease development of blue mold when applied at 0.05% to 0.8% (v/v), and with the effective concentration being obtained as 0.4% (v/v). Besides its direct antifungal activity, CEO treatment also spurred a rapid accumulation of H2O2 compared with untreated fruits, which might contribute to enhancing an increase in the activities of defense-related enzymes, such as β-1,3-glucanase (β-Glu), chitinase (CHI), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and lipoxygenase (LOX) in citrus fruit. Results of real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) showed that the gene expressions of β-Glu, CHI, PAL, POD and PPO were up-regulated in CEO-treated fruits. At the same time, CEO treatment led to down-regulated expression of the LOX gene in citrus fruit. Clove essential oil effectively control the disease incidence of blue mold decay in citrus fruit by motivating the host-defense responses, suppressing the malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation while enhancing the activities and gene expressions of defense-related enzymes. Our study provides an alternative preservative applying CEO to reduce postharvest fungal decay in citrus fruit.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Clove essential oil inhibited blue mold disease from 0.05% to 0.8%, with 0.4% effective.
- Treatment
- CEO treatmente0
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicum
Penicillium italicumt0pathogen - Outcome
- disease development of blue molde0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 0.4% (v/v)e0
CitrusNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CEO treatment inhibited the disease development of blue mold when applied at 0.05% to 0.8% (v/v), and with the effective concentration being obtained as 0.4% (v/v)”
t0“Penicillium italicum in Citrus Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Clove essential oil rapidly increased hydrogen peroxide relative to untreated fruit.
- Treatment
- CEO treatmente0
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- accumulation of H2O2e0
- Direction
- spurrede0
- Comparator
- untreated fruitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CEO treatment also spurred a rapid accumulation of H2O2 compared with untreated fruits”
t0“Penicillium italicum in Citrus Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
CEO upregulated β-Glu, CHI, PAL, POD and PPO gene expression.
- Treatment
- CEO-treated fruitse0
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- gene expressions of β-Glu, CHI, PAL, POD and PPOe0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the gene expressions of β-Glu, CHI, PAL, POD and PPO were up-regulated in CEO-treated fruits”
t0“Penicillium italicum in Citrus Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
CEO downregulated LOX gene expression.
- Treatment
- CEO treatmente0
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicumt0pathogen
- Gene
- LOX genee0
- Outcome
- expression of the LOX genee0
- Direction
- down-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CEO treatment led to down-regulated expression of the LOX gene in citrus fruit”
t0“Penicillium italicum”
Claim · model-written summary
CEO suppressed malondialdehyde accumulation.
- Treatment
- Clove essential oilt0
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulatione0
- Direction
- suppressinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suppressing the malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation while enhancing the activities and gene expressions of defense-related enzymes”
t0“Clove Essential Oil as an Alternative Approach to Control Postharvest Blue Mold Caused by Penicillium italicum in Citrus Fruit”
The same questions in other papers
botanical · Penicillium italicum · CitrusResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.