Abstract
UNLABELLED: The aim of this work was to find an alternative to chemical fungicides currently used in the control of postharvest citrus fruit diseases. In this study, we screened eight Moroccan medicinal and aromatic plants extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol for their anti-fungal activity against Penicillium italicum, the causal agent of citrus blue mould. The anti-fungal activity of these extracts was tested based on the disc diffusion method. Petroleum ether extracts of Inula viscosa, Asteriscus graveolens, Bubonium odorum and Thymus leptobotrys and chloroformic extract of Anvillea radiata revealed the highest significant anti-fungal activity with inhibition zones that ranged between 25·83 and 28·33 mm in diameter. In the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) study, we observed that petroleum ether extract of I. viscosa was the most effective extract with both the significantly largest halo (27·50 mm) and the lowest MIC (1 mg ml(-1)). The most active plant extracts in in vitro studies were tested in vivo, and results indicated that solvent extracts of the selected plant species significantly decreased the incidence and severity of blue mould, after 7 and 10 days of storage at 20°C. In addition, Halimium umbellatum methanol extract and T. leptobotrys petroleum ether extract completely inhibited the development of P. italicum under both storage periods, and no phytotoxic effects were recorded on citrus fruit. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study demonstrates that plant extracts have a high potential to control blue mould of citrus and will provide a starting point for discovering new compounds with better activity than chemical fungicides currently available. Such natural products therefore represent a sustainable alternative to the use of chemical fungicides.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Petroleum ether extract of Inula viscosa was among the highest-activity extracts against Penicillium italicum.
- Taxon
- Inula viscosa
Dittrichia viscosae1 - Treatment
- petroleum ether extractse1
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicum
Penicillium italicume2pathogen - Outcome
- anti-fungal activitye1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 25·83 and 28·33 mme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Petroleum ether extracts of Inula viscosa, Asteriscus graveolens, Bubonium odorum and Thymus leptobotrys and chloroformic extract of Anvillea radiata revealed the highest significant anti-fungal activity with inhibition zones that ranged between 25·83 and 28·33 mm in diameter”
e2“anti-fungal activity against Penicillium italicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Petroleum ether extract of Asteriscus graveolens was among the highest-activity extracts against Penicillium italicum.
- Taxon
- Asteriscus graveolens
Asteriscus graveolense1 - Treatment
- petroleum ether extractse1
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicume2pathogen
- Outcome
- anti-fungal activitye1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 25·83 and 28·33 mme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Petroleum ether extracts of Inula viscosa, Asteriscus graveolens, Bubonium odorum and Thymus leptobotrys and chloroformic extract of Anvillea radiata revealed the highest significant anti-fungal activity with inhibition zones that ranged between 25·83 and 28·33 mm in diameter”
e2“anti-fungal activity against Penicillium italicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Petroleum ether extract of Bubonium odorum was among the highest-activity extracts against Penicillium italicum.
- Taxon
- Bubonium odorume1
- Treatment
- petroleum ether extractse1
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicume2pathogen
- Outcome
- anti-fungal activitye1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 25·83 and 28·33 mme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Petroleum ether extracts of Inula viscosa, Asteriscus graveolens, Bubonium odorum and Thymus leptobotrys and chloroformic extract of Anvillea radiata revealed the highest significant anti-fungal activity with inhibition zones that ranged between 25·83 and 28·33 mm in diameter”
e2“anti-fungal activity against Penicillium italicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Petroleum ether extract of Thymus leptobotrys was among the highest-activity extracts against Penicillium italicum.
- Taxon
- Thymus leptobotryse1
- Treatment
- petroleum ether extractse1
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicume2pathogen
- Outcome
- anti-fungal activitye1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 25·83 and 28·33 mme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Petroleum ether extracts of Inula viscosa, Asteriscus graveolens, Bubonium odorum and Thymus leptobotrys and chloroformic extract of Anvillea radiata revealed the highest significant anti-fungal activity with inhibition zones that ranged between 25·83 and 28·33 mm in diameter”
e2“anti-fungal activity against Penicillium italicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloroformic extract of Anvillea radiata was among the highest-activity extracts against Penicillium italicum.
- Taxon
- Anvillea radiata
Anvillea garcinii subsp. radiatae1 - Treatment
- chloroformic extracte1
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicume2pathogen
- Outcome
- anti-fungal activitye1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 25·83 and 28·33 mme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Petroleum ether extracts of Inula viscosa, Asteriscus graveolens, Bubonium odorum and Thymus leptobotrys and chloroformic extract of Anvillea radiata revealed the highest significant anti-fungal activity with inhibition zones that ranged between 25·83 and 28·33 mm in diameter”
e2“anti-fungal activity against Penicillium italicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Petroleum ether extract of I. viscosa gave the significantly largest inhibition halo against Penicillium italicum.
- Taxon
- I. viscosaDittrichia viscosae3
- Treatment
- petroleum ether extracte3
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicume2pathogen
- Outcome
- haloe3
- Direction
- largeste3
- Value
- 27·50 mme3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“we observed that petroleum ether extract of I. viscosa was the most effective extract with both the significantly largest halo (27·50 mm) and the lowest MIC (1 mg ml(-1))”
e2“anti-fungal activity against Penicillium italicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Petroleum ether extract of I. viscosa had the lowest minimal inhibitory concentration against Penicillium italicum.
- Taxon
- I. viscosaDittrichia viscosae3
- Treatment
- petroleum ether extracte3
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicume2pathogen
- Outcome
- MICe3
- Direction
- loweste3
- Value
- 1 mg ml(-1)e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“we observed that petroleum ether extract of I. viscosa was the most effective extract with both the significantly largest halo (27·50 mm) and the lowest MIC (1 mg ml(-1))”
e2“anti-fungal activity against Penicillium italicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Solvent extracts of the selected plant species significantly decreased the incidence and severity of citrus blue mould after 7 and 10 days of storage at 20°C.
- Treatment
- solvent extracts of the selected plant speciese4
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicume2pathogen
- Outcome
- incidence and severity of blue moulde4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Qualifier
- after 7 and 10 days of storage at 20°Ce4
CitrusNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“solvent extracts of the selected plant species significantly decreased the incidence and severity of blue mould, after 7 and 10 days of storage at 20°C”
e0“the causal agent of citrus blue mould”
e2“anti-fungal activity against Penicillium italicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Halimium umbellatum methanol extract completely inhibited the development of Penicillium italicum under both storage periods.
- Taxon
- Halimium umbellatum
Cistus umbellatuse5 - Treatment
- methanol extracte5
- Interactor
- P. italicumPenicillium italicume5pathogen
- Outcome
- development of P. italicume5
- Direction
- completely inhibitede5
- Qualifier
- under both storage periodse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Halimium umbellatum methanol extract and T. leptobotrys petroleum ether extract completely inhibited the development of P. italicum under both storage periods”
Claim · model-written summary
Petroleum ether extract of T. leptobotrys completely inhibited the development of Penicillium italicum under both storage periods.
- Taxon
- T. leptobotryse5
- Treatment
- petroleum ether extracte5
- Interactor
- P. italicumPenicillium italicume5pathogen
- Outcome
- development of P. italicume5
- Direction
- completely inhibitede5
- Qualifier
- under both storage periodse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Halimium umbellatum methanol extract and T. leptobotrys petroleum ether extract completely inhibited the development of P. italicum under both storage periods”
Claim · model-written summary
No phytotoxic effects were recorded on citrus fruit.
- Outcome
- phytotoxic effectse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“no phytotoxic effects were recorded on citrus fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Such plant extracts represent a sustainable alternative to chemical fungicides for citrus.
- Outcome
- sustainable alternative to the use of chemical fungicidese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the causal agent of citrus blue mould”
e7“Such natural products therefore represent a sustainable alternative to the use of chemical fungicides”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant extracts have a high potential to control citrus blue mould.
- Outcome
- control blue moulde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“plant extracts have a high potential to control blue mould of citrus”
The same questions in other papers
botanical · Penicillium italicum · CitrusResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.