Abstract
Ozone has been recently recognized as an efficient sanitizing agent in wine industry because of its powerful oxidizing properties. Furthermore, postharvest treatments of grapes with ozone can stimulate defense responses by synthetizing secondary metabolites against oxidative stress. In this study, the effect of postharvest short-term ozone treatments was assessed for the first time on free and glycosylated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of winegrapes. Two different ozone concentrations (30 and 60 µL/L) and exposure times (24 and 48 h) were investigated just after treatment (fresh grapes) and after partial dehydration up to 20% weight loss (withered grapes). The study was carried out on Moscato bianco winegrapes (Vitis vinifera L.) due to the importance of terpenes in white aromatic cultivars to produce high quality wines. The results obtained showed that short-term ozone treatment caused a significant decrease in total contents of free VOCs in fresh grapes, mainly due to terpenes. Among them, linalool, geraniol, and nerol are the major aromatic markers of Moscato bianco grapes. Ozone entailed a significant decrease of free linalool contents in fresh grapes, the less stressful ozone treatment showing the smaller linalool degradation. However, the stronger and longer ozone treatment induced the synthesis of this compound probably in response to higher abiotic stress. Instead, significant changes were not observed in geraniol and nerol contents in fresh grapes. This last ozone treatment also reduced the loss of free linalool by water loss in withered grapes even though total VOCs and terpenes remained relatively stable. Furthermore, ozone seems to promote the synthesis of free (+)-4-carene and 4-terpineol in withered grapes under certain treatment conditions. Regarding glycosylated compounds, total VOCs and terpenes were less sensitive to ozone. Our findings highlight that ozone can be used as sanitizing agent in aromatic grape varieties prior to winemaking without affecting sharply the aromatic profile of fresh grapes and even improving it in withered grapes.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Short ozone treatment significantly decreased total free VOCs in fresh grapes.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Organ / stage
- fresh grapese0
- Treatment
- short-term ozone treatmente0
- Outcome
- total contents of free VOCse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape”
e0“short-term ozone treatment caused a significant decrease in total contents of free VOCs in fresh grapes”
Claim · model-written summary
Terpenes largely accounted for the decrease in free VOCs in fresh grapes.
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Verbatim
t0“Grape”
e0“mainly due to terpenes”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone significantly decreased free linalool content in fresh grapes.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Organ / stage
- fresh grapese0
- Treatment
- Ozonee0
- Outcome
- free linalool contentse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape”
e0“Ozone entailed a significant decrease of free linalool contents in fresh grapes”
Claim · model-written summary
Less stressful ozone treatment caused less linalool degradation.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Treatment
- less stressful ozone treatmente0
- Outcome
- linalool degradatione0
- Direction
- smallere0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape”
e0“the less stressful ozone treatment showing the smaller linalool degradation”
Claim · model-written summary
Stronger and longer ozone treatment induced linalool synthesis.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Treatment
- stronger and longer ozone treatmente0
- Outcome
- synthesis of this compounde0
- Direction
- inducede0
- Qualifier
- probably in response to higher abiotic stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape”
e0“the stronger and longer ozone treatment induced the synthesis of this compound probably in response to higher abiotic stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone did not significantly change geraniol content in fresh grapes.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape”
e0“significant changes were not observed in geraniol and nerol contents in fresh grapes”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone did not significantly change nerol content in fresh grapes.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape”
e0“significant changes were not observed in geraniol and nerol contents in fresh grapes”
Claim · model-written summary
The strongest and longest ozone treatment reduced free linalool loss during withering.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Organ / stage
- withered grapese0
- Treatment
- This last ozone treatmente0
- Outcome
- loss of free linaloole0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape”
e0“This last ozone treatment also reduced the loss of free linalool by water loss in withered grapes”
Claim · model-written summary
Total VOCs remained relatively stable in withered grapes under this ozone treatment.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape”
e0“total VOCs and terpenes remained relatively stable”
Claim · model-written summary
Terpenes remained relatively stable in withered grapes under this ozone treatment.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape”
e0“total VOCs and terpenes remained relatively stable”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone seemed to promote free (+)-4-carene synthesis in withered grapes under certain conditions.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Organ / stage
- withered grapese0
- Treatment
- ozonee0
- Outcome
- free (+)-4-carenee0
- Direction
- promotee0
- Qualifier
- under certain treatment conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape”
e0“ozone seems to promote the synthesis of free (+)-4-carene and 4-terpineol in withered grapes under certain treatment conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone seemed to promote 4-terpineol synthesis in withered grapes under certain conditions.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Organ / stage
- withered grapese0
- Treatment
- ozonee0
- Outcome
- 4-terpineole0
- Direction
- promotee0
- Qualifier
- under certain treatment conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape”
e0“ozone seems to promote the synthesis of free (+)-4-carene and 4-terpineol in withered grapes under certain treatment conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycosylated total VOCs were less sensitive to ozone.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Treatment
- ozonee0
- Outcome
- total VOCse0
- Direction
- less sensitivee0
- Qualifier
- glycosylated compoundse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape”
e0“Regarding glycosylated compounds, total VOCs and terpenes were less sensitive to ozone”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycosylated terpenes were less sensitive to ozone.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Treatment
- ozonee0
- Outcome
- terpenese0
- Direction
- less sensitivee0
- Qualifier
- glycosylated compoundse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape”
e0“Regarding glycosylated compounds, total VOCs and terpenes were less sensitive to ozone”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude ozone can sanitize aromatic grapes before winemaking with little change to fresh grape aroma and possible improvement after withering.
Verbatim
t0“Grape”
e0“ozone can be used as sanitizing agent in aromatic grape varieties prior to winemaking without affecting sharply the aromatic profile of fresh grapes and even improving it in withered grapes”
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