Abstract
Girdling, otherwise known as cincturing or ring barking, was tested for its ability to improve yield and quality of Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa ‘Hayward’, A. chinensis var. chinensis ‘Hort16A’ and, more recently, A. chinensis var. chinensis ‘Zesy002’ kiwifruit grown commercially in New Zealand. Originally, we developed girdling of individual 1-year-old fruiting canes as a technique to increase fruit size for organic kiwifruit growers. However, the technique was rapidly adopted by growers of conventional kiwifruit. Girdles healed rapidly within 3-6 weeks of application, and plants recovered fully. Cane girdling was largely superseded by girdling of the main trunks, which resulted in similar benefits to cane girdling, but was faster to apply, responses were larger, and there was less variability of fruit characteristics within vines. However, there was some risk of negative plant responses if girdles were applied too deeply, so that the xylem tissue was damaged, or when girdles were applied late in the growing season. In both of these cases, girdles did not always heal before winter, and development of leaf canopies in spring was retarded. Timing of girdle applications was critical for response. Girdles applied soon after fruit set, during the rapid phase of fruit growth, increased fruit weight, while those applied during the starch accumulation phase increased dry-matter content of fruit and improved the eating quality of fruit. Girdles applied in autumn increased bud break and flower numbers of vines in the following season. The story of how girdling was developed for New Zealand kiwifruit growers is also an informative case study. It demonstrates that a significant extension plan is required for the rapid adoption of even a relatively simple new technology by a horticultural industry.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Girdled kiwifruit healed rapidly, within 3-6 weeks of application.
- Taxon
- kiwifruit
Actinidia deliciosae0 - Outcome
- healed rapidlye1
- Value
- 3-6 weekse1
- Qualifier
- within 3-6 weeks of applicatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kiwifruit grown commercially in New Zealand”
e1“Girdles healed rapidly within 3-6 weeks of application, and plants recovered fully”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdled kiwifruit vines recovered fully.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Outcome
- plants recovered fullye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kiwifruit grown commercially in New Zealand”
e1“Girdles healed rapidly within 3-6 weeks of application, and plants recovered fully”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdling of the main trunks gave similar benefits to cane girdling.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- girdling of the main trunkse2
- Outcome
- benefitse2
- Direction
- similare2
- Comparator
- cane girdlinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kiwifruit grown commercially in New Zealand”
e2“Cane girdling was largely superseded by girdling of the main trunks, which resulted in similar benefits to cane girdling, but was faster to apply, responses were larger, and there was less variability of fruit characteristics within vines”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdling of the main trunks was faster to apply than cane girdling.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- girdling of the main trunkse2
- Outcome
- to applye2
- Direction
- fastere2
- Comparator
- cane girdlinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kiwifruit grown commercially in New Zealand”
e2“Cane girdling was largely superseded by girdling of the main trunks, which resulted in similar benefits to cane girdling, but was faster to apply, responses were larger, and there was less variability of fruit characteristics within vines”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdling of the main trunks gave larger responses than cane girdling.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- girdling of the main trunkse2
- Outcome
- responsese2
- Direction
- largere2
- Comparator
- cane girdlinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kiwifruit grown commercially in New Zealand”
e2“Cane girdling was largely superseded by girdling of the main trunks, which resulted in similar benefits to cane girdling, but was faster to apply, responses were larger, and there was less variability of fruit characteristics within vines”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdling of the main trunks gave less variability of fruit characteristics within vines than cane girdling.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- girdling of the main trunkse2
- Outcome
- variability of fruit characteristics within vinese2
- Direction
- lesse2
- Comparator
- cane girdlinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kiwifruit grown commercially in New Zealand”
e2“Cane girdling was largely superseded by girdling of the main trunks, which resulted in similar benefits to cane girdling, but was faster to apply, responses were larger, and there was less variability of fruit characteristics within vines”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdles applied too deeply, damaging the xylem, retarded the development of leaf canopies in spring.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- girdles were applied too deeplye3
- Outcome
- development of leaf canopies in springe3
- Direction
- retardede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kiwifruit grown commercially in New Zealand”
e3“However, there was some risk of negative plant responses if girdles were applied too deeply, so that the xylem tissue was damaged, or when girdles were applied late in the growing season. In both of these cases, girdles did not always heal before winter, and development of leaf canopies in spring was retarded”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdles applied late in the growing season retarded the development of leaf canopies in spring.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- girdles were applied late in the growing seasone3
- Outcome
- development of leaf canopies in springe3
- Direction
- retardede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kiwifruit grown commercially in New Zealand”
e3“However, there was some risk of negative plant responses if girdles were applied too deeply, so that the xylem tissue was damaged, or when girdles were applied late in the growing season. In both of these cases, girdles did not always heal before winter, and development of leaf canopies in spring was retarded”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdles in the risky cases did not always heal before winter.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Outcome
- heal before wintere3
- Qualifier
- In both of these casese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kiwifruit grown commercially in New Zealand”
e3“However, there was some risk of negative plant responses if girdles were applied too deeply, so that the xylem tissue was damaged, or when girdles were applied late in the growing season. In both of these cases, girdles did not always heal before winter, and development of leaf canopies in spring was retarded”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdles applied soon after fruit set, during the rapid phase of fruit growth, increased fruit weight.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- Girdles applied soon after fruit sete4
- Outcome
- fruit weighte4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Qualifier
- during the rapid phase of fruit growthe4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kiwifruit grown commercially in New Zealand”
e4“Girdles applied soon after fruit set, during the rapid phase of fruit growth, increased fruit weight, while those applied during the starch accumulation phase increased dry-matter content of fruit and improved the eating quality of fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdles applied during the starch accumulation phase increased fruit dry-matter content.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- those applied during the starch accumulation phasee4
- Outcome
- dry-matter content of fruite4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kiwifruit grown commercially in New Zealand”
e4“Girdles applied soon after fruit set, during the rapid phase of fruit growth, increased fruit weight, while those applied during the starch accumulation phase increased dry-matter content of fruit and improved the eating quality of fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdles applied during the starch accumulation phase improved the eating quality of fruit.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- those applied during the starch accumulation phasee4
- Outcome
- eating quality of fruite4
- Direction
- improvede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kiwifruit grown commercially in New Zealand”
e4“Girdles applied soon after fruit set, during the rapid phase of fruit growth, increased fruit weight, while those applied during the starch accumulation phase increased dry-matter content of fruit and improved the eating quality of fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdles applied in autumn increased bud break and flower numbers in the following season.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- Girdles applied in autumne5
- Outcome
- bud break and flower numberse5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Qualifier
- in the following seasone5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kiwifruit grown commercially in New Zealand”
e5“Girdles applied in autumn increased bud break and flower numbers of vines in the following season”
The same questions in other papers
pruning · growth · Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 11 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
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See all 16 papers →pruning · yield · Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit)Positive and negative results
14 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- no effect
14 papers more in this group
See all 18 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.