Abstract
Autophagy, an innate cellular destructive mechanism, plays crucial roles in plant development and responses to stress. Autophagy is known to be stimulated or suppressed by multiple molecular processes, but the role of phytohormone signaling in autophagy is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the transcripts of autophagy-related genes (ATGs) and the formation of autophagosomes are triggered by enhanced levels of brassinosteroid (BR). Furthermore, the BR-activated transcription factor brassinazole-resistant1 (BZR1), a positive regulator of the BR signaling pathway, is involved in BR-induced autophagy. Treatment with BR enhanced the formation of autophagosomes and the transcripts of ATGs in BZR1-overexpressing plants, while the effects of BR were compromised in BZR1-silenced plants. Yeast one-hybrid analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed that BZR1 bound to the promoters of ATG2 and ATG6. The BR-induced formation of autophagosomes decreased in ATG2- and ATG6-silenced plants. Moreover, exogenous application of BR enhanced chlorophyll content and autophagosome formation and decreased the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins under nitrogen starvation. Leaf chlorosis and chlorophyll degradation were exacerbated in BZR1-silenced plants and the BR biosynthetic mutant d^im but were alleviated in BZR1- and BZR1-1D-overexpressing plants under nitrogen starvation. Meanwhile, nitrogen starvation-induced expression of ATGs and autophagosome formation were compromised in both BZR1-silenced and d^im plants but were increased in BZR1- and BZR1-1D-overexpressing plants. Taken together, our results suggest that BZR1-dependent BR signaling up-regulates the expression of ATGs and autophagosome formation, which plays a critical role in the plant response to nitrogen starvation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum).
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Enhanced brassinosteroid levels triggered ATG transcripts and autophagosome formation.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- enhanced levels of brassinosteroid (BR)e0
- Outcome
- transcripts of autophagy-related genes (ATGs) and the formation of autophagosomese0
- Direction
- triggerede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“transcripts of autophagy-related genes (ATGs) and the formation of autophagosomes are triggered by enhanced levels of brassinosteroid (BR)”
Claim · model-written summary
BR enhanced autophagosome formation and ATG transcripts in BZR1-overexpressing plants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- BZR1-overexpressing plantse0
- Treatment
- Treatment with BRe0
- Outcome
- formation of autophagosomes and the transcripts of ATGse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“Treatment with BR enhanced the formation of autophagosomes and the transcripts of ATGs in BZR1-overexpressing plants”
Claim · model-written summary
BR effects on autophagosomes and ATG transcripts were compromised in BZR1-silenced plants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- BZR1-silenced plantse0
- Treatment
- BRe0
- Outcome
- formation of autophagosomes and the transcripts of ATGse1
- Direction
- compromisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“the effects of BR were compromised in BZR1-silenced plants”
e1“formation of autophagosomes and the transcripts of ATGs”
Claim · model-written summary
BZR1 bound ATG2 and ATG6 promoters.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- BZR1e0
- Outcome
- bound to the promoters of ATG2 and ATG6e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“BZR1 bound to the promoters of ATG2 and ATG6”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing ATG2 and ATG6 decreased BR-induced autophagosome formation.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ATG2- and ATG6-silencede0
- Outcome
- formation of autophagosomese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“BR-induced formation of autophagosomes decreased in ATG2- and ATG6-silenced plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous BR enhanced chlorophyll content and autophagosome formation during nitrogen starvation.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of BRe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content and autophagosome formatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“exogenous application of BR enhanced chlorophyll content and autophagosome formation”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous BR decreased ubiquitinated protein accumulation during nitrogen starvation.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of BRe0
- Outcome
- accumulation of ubiquitinated proteinse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- nitrogen starvatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“exogenous application of BR enhanced chlorophyll content and autophagosome formation and decreased the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins under nitrogen starvation”
Claim · model-written summary
BZR1 silencing exacerbated leaf chlorosis and chlorophyll degradation under nitrogen starvation.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- BZR1-silencede0
- Outcome
- Leaf chlorosis and chlorophyll degradatione0
- Direction
- exacerbatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“Leaf chlorosis and chlorophyll degradation were exacerbated in BZR1-silenced plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The d^im mutant exacerbated leaf chlorosis and chlorophyll degradation under nitrogen starvation.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- BR biosynthetic mutant d^ime0
- Outcome
- Leaf chlorosis and chlorophyll degradatione0
- Direction
- exacerbatede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“Leaf chlorosis and chlorophyll degradation were exacerbated in BZR1-silenced plants and the BR biosynthetic mutant d^im”
Claim · model-written summary
BZR1 overexpression alleviated leaf chlorosis and chlorophyll degradation under nitrogen starvation.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- BZR1-e0
- Outcome
- Leaf chlorosis and chlorophyll degradatione1
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“were alleviated in BZR1- and BZR1-1D-overexpressing plants under nitrogen starvation”
e1“Leaf chlorosis and chlorophyll degradation”
Claim · model-written summary
BZR1-1D overexpression alleviated leaf chlorosis and chlorophyll degradation under nitrogen starvation.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- BZR1-1D-overexpressinge0
- Outcome
- Leaf chlorosis and chlorophyll degradatione1
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“were alleviated in BZR1- and BZR1-1D-overexpressing plants under nitrogen starvation”
e1“Leaf chlorosis and chlorophyll degradation”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen-starvation-induced ATG expression and autophagosome formation were compromised in BZR1-silenced plants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- BZR1-silencede0
- Outcome
- expression of ATGs and autophagosome formatione0
- Direction
- compromisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“nitrogen starvation-induced expression of ATGs and autophagosome formation were compromised in both BZR1-silenced and d^im plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen-starvation-induced ATG expression and autophagosome formation were compromised in d^im plants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- d^im plantse0
- Outcome
- expression of ATGs and autophagosome formatione0
- Direction
- compromisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“nitrogen starvation-induced expression of ATGs and autophagosome formation were compromised in both BZR1-silenced and d^im plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen-starvation-induced ATG expression and autophagosome formation increased in BZR1-overexpressing plants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- BZR1-e0
- Outcome
- expression of ATGs and autophagosome formatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“nitrogen starvation-induced expression of ATGs and autophagosome formation were compromised in both BZR1-silenced and d^im plants but were increased in BZR1- and BZR1-1D-overexpressing plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen-starvation-induced ATG expression and autophagosome formation increased in BZR1-1D-overexpressing plants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- BZR1-1D-overexpressinge0
- Outcome
- expression of ATGs and autophagosome formatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“nitrogen starvation-induced expression of ATGs and autophagosome formation were compromised in both BZR1-silenced and d^im plants but were increased in BZR1- and BZR1-1D-overexpressing plants”
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See all 25 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.