Abstract
Abstract Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the impacts of graywater irrigation with and without soil conditioning with mulching on cotton growth and soil properties in El Paso, Texas, USA. Treatments included in the study were: freshwater irrigation without soil conditioning (control, treatment T0), freshwater irrigation with soil conditioning (treatment T1), graywater irrigation without soil conditioning (treatment T2) and with soil conditioning (treatment T3) with four replications. The pH, sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and electrical conductivity (EC) values of the graywater used in the study were 8.19, 16.0 and 1.54 dS/cm respectively. Results showed that graywater irrigation did not have significant impacts on cotton growth and lint yield. Soil conditioning with mulch increased cotton yield significantly (p < 0.05) compared with non-mulching regardless of water types. Graywater irrigation increased soil pH values significantly in the surface depth (0–15 cm), however, it did not have significant effects at greater depths (>15 cm). Significantly higher salinity and sodicity were observed in the upper 30 cm depths in the graywater irrigated mulched soils, while no changes were detected at greater depths (30–45 and 45–60 cm).
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Graywater irrigation had no significant impact on cotton growth and lint yield.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- graywater irrigatione0
- Outcome
- cotton growth and lint yielde0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“graywater irrigation did not have significant impacts on cotton growth and lint yield”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulching significantly increased cotton yield regardless of water type.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Soil conditioning with mulche0
- Outcome
- cotton yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- regardless of water typese0
- Comparator
- non-mulchinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil conditioning with mulch increased cotton yield significantly (p < 0.05) compared with non-mulching regardless of water types”
Claim · model-written summary
Graywater irrigation significantly increased soil pH at 0–15 cm.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Graywater irrigatione0
- Outcome
- soil pH valuese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- surface depth (0–15 cm)e0
Not reportedOrgan / stageComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Graywater irrigation increased soil pH values significantly in the surface depth (0–15 cm)”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Graywater irrigation had no significant effect on soil pH below 15 cm.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Graywater irrigatione1
- Outcome
- soil pH valuese1
- Qualifier
- greater depths (>15 cm)e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it did not have significant effects at greater depths (>15 cm)”
e1“Graywater irrigation increased soil pH values significantly”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Graywater irrigated mulched soil had higher salinity and sodicity in the upper 30 cm.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- graywater irrigated mulched soilse0
- Outcome
- salinity and sodicitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- upper 30 cm depthse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significantly higher salinity and sodicity were observed in the upper 30 cm depths in the graywater irrigated mulched soils”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
No soil salinity or sodicity changes were detected at 30–60 cm.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- salinity and sodicitye1
- Direction
- no changese0
- Qualifier
- greater depths (30–45 and 45–60 cm)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while no changes were detected at greater depths (30–45 and 45–60 cm)”
e1“salinity and sodicity”
t0“cotton”
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