Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) represents one of the most important cereals cultivated worldwide. Investigating genetic variability and structure of barley is important for enhancing the crop productivity. This study aimed to investigate the diversity and structure of 40 barley genotypes originated from three European countries (France, the Netherlands, Poland) using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). It also aimed to study 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) effect on salinity tolerance of six barley genotypes. The expected heterozygosity (He) diverged from 0.126 to 0.501, with a mean of 0.348. Polymorphic information content (PIC) diverged from 0.103 to 0.482 across barley genotypes, with a mean of 0.316, indicating that barley genotypes are rich in a considerable level of genetic diversity. The 40 barley genotypes were further studied based on their geographical origin (Western Europe and Eastern Europe). The Eastern European region (Poland) has a higher barley variability than the Western European region (France and the Netherlands). Nei’s distance-based cluster tree divided the 40 barley accessions into two major clusters; one cluster comprised all the varieties originated from the Eastern European region, while the other major cluster included all accessions originated from the Western European region. Structure analysis results were in a complete concordance with our cluster analysis results. Slaski 2, Damseaux and Urbanowicki genotypes have the highest diversity level, whereas Carmen, Bigo and Cambrinus genotypes have the lowest level. The response of these six varieties to NaCl stress was also investigated. Salt stress (100 mM NaCl) slightly decreased levels of chlorophyll, carotenoid and osmolytes (proteins, soluble sugars, phenolics and flavonoids) in the leaves of Slaski 2, Damseaux and Urbanowicki genotypes at non-significant level, as compared to control samples. However, pigment contents and osmolytes in leaves of Carmen, Bigo and Cambrinus genotypes were significantly decreased by salt stress. Antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly increased in Slaski 2 genotype, but non-significantly increased in Carmen by salt stress. Priming Slaski 2 and Carmen cultivars with ALA under salt stress significantly induced pigment contents, antioxidants enzymes activity and stress-responsive genes expression, relative to NaCl-stressed plants. In conclusion, this study suggested a correlation between variability percentage and degree of salinity resistance. ALA improved salt tolerance in barley.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Expected heterozygosity of the barley genotypes ranged from 0.126 to 0.501, with a mean of 0.348.
- Taxon
- Barley
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Hordeum vulgaret0 - Material
- barley genotypese1
- Outcome
- expected heterozygosity (He)e2
- Value
- 0.126 to 0.501e2
- Setting
- three European countries (France, the Netherlands, Poland)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Alleviation of Salinity Stress in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e1“40 barley genotypes originated from three European countries (France, the Netherlands, Poland)”
e2“The expected heterozygosity (He) diverged from 0.126 to 0.501, with a mean of 0.348”
Claim · model-written summary
Polymorphic information content of the barley genotypes ranged from 0.103 to 0.482, with a mean of 0.316.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- barley genotypese3
- Outcome
- Polymorphic information content (PIC)e3
- Value
- 0.103 to 0.482e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alleviation of Salinity Stress in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e3“Polymorphic information content (PIC) diverged from 0.103 to 0.482 across barley genotypes, with a mean of 0.316”
Claim · model-written summary
The Eastern European region (Poland) has higher barley variability than the Western European region.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- barley variabilitye4
- Direction
- highere4
- Comparator
- Western European region (France and the Netherlands)e4
- Setting
- Eastern European region (Poland)e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alleviation of Salinity Stress in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e4“The Eastern European region (Poland) has a higher barley variability than the Western European region (France and the Netherlands)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nei’s distance-based cluster tree divided the 40 barley accessions into two major clusters.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- the 40 barley accessionse5
- Qualifier
- into two major clusterse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alleviation of Salinity Stress in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e5“Nei’s distance-based cluster tree divided the 40 barley accessions into two major clusters”
Claim · model-written summary
Slaski 2, Damseaux and Urbanowicki genotypes had the highest barley diversity level.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Slaski 2, Damseaux and Urbanowicki genotypese6
- Outcome
- diversity levele6
- Qualifier
- higheste6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alleviation of Salinity Stress in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e6“Slaski 2, Damseaux and Urbanowicki genotypes have the highest diversity level, whereas Carmen, Bigo and Cambrinus genotypes have the lowest level”
Claim · model-written summary
Carmen, Bigo and Cambrinus genotypes had the lowest barley diversity level.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Carmen, Bigo and Cambrinus genotypese6
- Outcome
- diversity levele6
- Qualifier
- loweste6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alleviation of Salinity Stress in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e6“Slaski 2, Damseaux and Urbanowicki genotypes have the highest diversity level, whereas Carmen, Bigo and Cambrinus genotypes have the lowest level”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress slightly decreased chlorophyll, carotenoid and osmolyte levels in Slaski 2, Damseaux and Urbanowicki, not significantly.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Slaski 2, Damseaux and Urbanowicki genotypese7
- Organ / stage
- leavese7
- Treatment
- Salt stress (100 mM NaCl)e7
- Outcome
- chlorophyll, carotenoid and osmolytese7
- Direction
- slightly decreasede7
- Comparator
- control samplese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alleviation of Salinity Stress in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e7“Salt stress (100 mM NaCl) slightly decreased levels of chlorophyll, carotenoid and osmolytes (proteins, soluble sugars, phenolics and flavonoids) in the leaves of Slaski 2, Damseaux and Urbanowicki genotypes at non-significant level, as compared to control samples”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress significantly decreased pigment contents and osmolytes in Carmen, Bigo and Cambrinus genotypes.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Carmen, Bigo and Cambrinus genotypese1
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- pigment contents and osmolytese1
- Direction
- significantly decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alleviation of Salinity Stress in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e1“However, pigment contents and osmolytes in leaves of Carmen, Bigo and Cambrinus genotypes were significantly decreased by salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress significantly increased antioxidant enzyme activities in Slaski 2.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Slaski 2 genotypee1
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- Antioxidant enzyme activitiese1
- Direction
- significantly increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alleviation of Salinity Stress in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e1“Antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly increased in Slaski 2 genotype, but non-significantly increased in Carmen by salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress non-significantly increased antioxidant enzyme activities in Carmen.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Carmene1
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- Antioxidant enzyme activitiese1
- Direction
- non-significantly increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alleviation of Salinity Stress in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e1“Antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly increased in Slaski 2 genotype, but non-significantly increased in Carmen by salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
ALA priming under salt stress significantly induced pigment contents, antioxidant enzyme activity and stress-responsive gene expression in Slaski 2 and Carmen.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Slaski 2 and Carmen cultivarse1
- Treatment
- with ALA under salt stresse1
- Outcome
- pigment contents, antioxidants enzymes activity and stress-responsive genes expressione1
- Direction
- significantly inducede1
- Comparator
- NaCl-stressed plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alleviation of Salinity Stress in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e1“Priming Slaski 2 and Carmen cultivars with ALA under salt stress significantly induced pigment contents, antioxidants enzymes activity and stress-responsive genes expression, relative to NaCl-stressed plants”
Claim · model-written summary
ALA improved salt tolerance in barley.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- ALAe1
- Outcome
- salt tolerancee1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alleviation of Salinity Stress in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e1“ALA improved salt tolerance in barley”
Claim · model-written summary
The study suggests a correlation between variability percentage and degree of salinity resistance in barley genotypes.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- barley genotypese1
- Outcome
- degree of salinity resistancee2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alleviation of Salinity Stress in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e1“40 barley genotypes originated from three European countries (France, the Netherlands, Poland)”
e2“this study suggested a correlation between variability percentage and degree of salinity resistance”
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