Abstract
Western flower thrips (WFT) Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is a key agricultural pest of cultivated tomatoes. Induced host plant resistance by activating jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway constitutes a promising method for WFT control. The phytotoxin coronatine (COR), produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst), mimics the plant hormone JA-Isoleucine and can promote resistance against herbivorous arthropods. Here we determined the effect of Pst and COR on tomato resistance against WFT, induction of JA- and salicylic acid (SA) associated defenses, and plant chemistry. Additionally, we investigated the presence of other components in Pst-derived and filtered culture medium, and their interactive effect with COR on tomato resistance to WFT. Our results showed that infiltration of COR or Pst reduces WFT feeding damage in tomato plants. COR and Pst induced the expression of JA-associated gene and protein marker. COR also induced expression of a SA-related responsive gene, although at much less magnitude. Activation of JA defenses in COR and Pst infiltrated plants did not affect density of type VI leaf trichomes, which are defenses reported to be induced by JA. An untargeted metabolomic analysis showed that both treatments induced strong changes in infiltrated leaves, but leaf responses to COR or Pst slightly differed. Application of the Pst-derived and filtered culture medium, containing COR but not viable Pst, also increased tomato resistance against WFT confirming that the induction of tomato defenses does not require a living Pst population to be present in the plant. Infiltration of tomato plants with low concentrations of COR in diluted Pst-derived and filtered culture medium reduced WFT feeding damage in a greater magnitude than infiltration with an equivalent amount of pure COR indicating that other elicitors are present in the medium. This was confirmed by the fact that the medium from a COR-mutant of Pst also strongly reduced silver damage. In conclusion, our results indicate that induction of JA defenses by COR, Pst infection, the medium of Pst and the medium of a Pst COR- mutant increased resistance against WFT. This was not mediated by the reinforcement of leaf trichome densities, but rather the induction of chemical defenses.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
COR infiltration reduced western flower thrips feeding damage.
- Taxon
- tomato plants
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- infiltration of CORe0
- Interactor
- WFTe0pest
- Outcome
- WFT feeding damagee0
- Direction
- reducese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“infiltration of COR or Pst reduces WFT feeding damage in tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Pst infiltration reduced western flower thrips feeding damage.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Pste0
- Interactor
- WFTe0pest
- Second interactor
- Pste0pathogen
- Outcome
- WFT feeding damagee0
- Direction
- reducese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“infiltration of COR or Pst reduces WFT feeding damage in tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
COR induced JA-associated gene and protein marker expression.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- CORe0
- Outcome
- expression of JA-associated gene and protein markere0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“COR and Pst induced the expression of JA-associated gene and protein marker”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Pst induced JA-associated gene and protein marker expression.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Pste0
- Interactor
- Pste0pathogen
- Outcome
- expression of JA-associated gene and protein markere0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“COR and Pst induced the expression of JA-associated gene and protein marker”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
COR induced a SA-related responsive gene at a much smaller magnitude.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- CORe0
- Outcome
- expression of a SA-related responsive genee0
- Direction
- inducede0
- Qualifier
- at much less magnitudee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“COR also induced expression of a SA-related responsive gene, although at much less magnitude”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
JA defense activation by COR and Pst did not affect type VI leaf trichome density.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- COR and Pst infiltrated plantse0
- Outcome
- density of type VI leaf trichomese0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Activation of JA defenses in COR and Pst infiltrated plants did not affect density of type VI leaf trichomes”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
COR caused strong metabolic changes in infiltrated leaves.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- CORe0
- Outcome
- changes in infiltrated leavese0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both treatments induced strong changes in infiltrated leaves, but leaf responses to COR or Pst slightly differed”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Pst caused strong metabolic changes in infiltrated leaves, with a slightly different response from COR.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Pste0
- Interactor
- Pste0pathogen
- Outcome
- leaf responsese0
- Comparator
- CORe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both treatments induced strong changes in infiltrated leaves, but leaf responses to COR or Pst slightly differed”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Filtered Pst culture medium increased tomato resistance to western flower thrips without viable Pst.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Pst-derived and filtered culture mediume0
- Interactor
- WFTe0pest
- Second interactor
- Pste0pathogen
- Outcome
- tomato resistance against WFTe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- not viable Pste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of the Pst-derived and filtered culture medium, containing COR but not viable Pst, also increased tomato resistance against WFT”
Claim · model-written summary
Low COR concentrations in diluted filtered Pst medium reduced thrips feeding damage more than equivalent pure COR.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- low concentrations of COR in diluted Pst-derived and filtered culture mediume0
- Interactor
- WFTe0pest
- Second interactor
- Pste0pathogen
- Outcome
- WFT feeding damagee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- an equivalent amount of pure CORe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infiltration of tomato plants with low concentrations of COR in diluted Pst-derived and filtered culture medium reduced WFT feeding damage in a greater magnitude than infiltration with an equivalent amount of pure COR”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium from a COR-mutant Pst strongly reduced silver damage.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- the medium from a COR-mutant of Pste0
- Interactor
- Pste0pathogen
- Outcome
- silver damagee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the medium from a COR-mutant of Pst also strongly reduced silver damage”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute elicitor-induced thrips resistance to chemical defenses rather than increased trichome density.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- induction of chemical defensese0
- Qualifier
- not mediated by the reinforcement of leaf trichome densitiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This was not mediated by the reinforcement of leaf trichome densities, but rather the induction of chemical defenses.”
t0“Tomato”
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