Abstract
Abstract Research conducted in the field identified 14 injury criteria associated with dicamba (Clarity® diglycolamine salt) applied at 0.6 to 280 g ae ha –1 (1/1,000 to 1/2 of 560 g ha –1 use rate) to indeterminate soybean at V3/V4 or R1/R2. For each criterion, injury was rated using a scale of 0=no injury, 1=slight, 2=slight to moderate, 3=moderate, 4=moderate to severe, and 5=severe. Greatest crop injury 15 d after treatment (DAT) was observed for dicamba rates of 0.6 to 4.4 g ha –1 for upper canopy pale leaf margins (3.8 to 4.2) at V3/V4 and for terminal leaf cupping (4.1 to 5.0) at R1/R2, and for rates of 0.6 to 8.8 g ha –1 for upper canopy leaf cupping (3.8 to 4.8) and upper canopy leaf surface crinkling (3.4 to 4.4) at V3/V4. Injury 15 DAT was equivalent to the nontreated control for dicamba rates as high as 4.4 g ha –1 for lower stem base swelling at V3/V4 and for upper canopy leaf rollover/inversion and terminal leaf necrosis at R1/R2; for rates as high as 8.8 g ha –1 for leaf petiole base swelling and stem epinasty at R1/R2, and lower stem base lesions/cracking (V3/V4 and R1/R2 average); and for rates as high as 17.5 g ha –1 for lower leaf soil contact at V3/V4 and leaf petiole droop at R1/R2. The response to increasing dicamba rate observed for the injury criteria was in contrast to the steady increase in visual injury and plant height reduction rated as 0 to 100%. The moderate to severe upper canopy leaf cupping, pale leaf margins, and leaf surface crinkling, and terminal leaf cupping 15 DAT with dicamba at 0.6 to 4.4 g ha –1 corresponded to soybean yield loss of 1% to 9% for application at V3/V4 and 2% to 17% at R1/R2.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Field research identified 14 injury criteria associated with dicamba in soybean.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Injury Criteria Associated with Soybean Exposure to Dicamba”
e1“Research conducted in the field identified 14 injury criteria associated with dicamba”
Claim · model-written summary
Greatest 15 DAT injury in soybean was observed for upper canopy pale leaf margins (3.8 to 4.2) at V3/V4 with dicamba at 0.6 to 4.4 g ha –1.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Organ / stage
- upper canopye2
- Treatment
- dicamba rates of 0.6 to 4.4 g ha –1e2
- Outcome
- pale leaf marginse2
- Direction
- Greateste2
- Value
- 3.8 to 4.2e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Injury Criteria Associated with Soybean Exposure to Dicamba”
e2“Greatest crop injury 15 d after treatment (DAT) was observed for dicamba rates of 0.6 to 4.4 g ha –1 for upper canopy pale leaf margins (3.8 to 4.2) at V3/V4 and for terminal leaf cupping (4.1 to 5.0) at R1/R2, and for rates of 0.6 to 8.8 g ha –1 for upper canopy leaf cupping (3.8 to 4.8) and upper canopy leaf surface crinkling (3.4 to 4.4) at V3/V4”
Claim · model-written summary
Greatest 15 DAT injury in soybean was observed for terminal leaf cupping (4.1 to 5.0) at R1/R2 with dicamba at 0.6 to 4.4 g ha –1.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- terminal leafe2
- Treatment
- dicamba rates of 0.6 to 4.4 g ha –1e2
- Outcome
- terminal leaf cuppinge2
- Direction
- Greateste2
- Value
- 4.1 to 5.0e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Injury Criteria Associated with Soybean Exposure to Dicamba”
e2“Greatest crop injury 15 d after treatment (DAT) was observed for dicamba rates of 0.6 to 4.4 g ha –1 for upper canopy pale leaf margins (3.8 to 4.2) at V3/V4 and for terminal leaf cupping (4.1 to 5.0) at R1/R2, and for rates of 0.6 to 8.8 g ha –1 for upper canopy leaf cupping (3.8 to 4.8) and upper canopy leaf surface crinkling (3.4 to 4.4) at V3/V4”
Claim · model-written summary
Greatest 15 DAT injury in soybean was observed for upper canopy leaf cupping (3.8 to 4.8) at V3/V4 with dicamba at 0.6 to 8.8 g ha –1.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- upper canopye2
- Treatment
- rates of 0.6 to 8.8 g ha –1e2
- Outcome
- upper canopy leaf cuppinge2
- Direction
- Greateste2
- Value
- 3.8 to 4.8e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Injury Criteria Associated with Soybean Exposure to Dicamba”
e2“Greatest crop injury 15 d after treatment (DAT) was observed for dicamba rates of 0.6 to 4.4 g ha –1 for upper canopy pale leaf margins (3.8 to 4.2) at V3/V4 and for terminal leaf cupping (4.1 to 5.0) at R1/R2, and for rates of 0.6 to 8.8 g ha –1 for upper canopy leaf cupping (3.8 to 4.8) and upper canopy leaf surface crinkling (3.4 to 4.4) at V3/V4”
Claim · model-written summary
Greatest 15 DAT injury in soybean was observed for upper canopy leaf surface crinkling (3.4 to 4.4) at V3/V4 with dicamba at 0.6 to 8.8 g ha –1.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- upper canopye2
- Treatment
- rates of 0.6 to 8.8 g ha –1e2
- Outcome
- upper canopy leaf surface crinklinge2
- Direction
- Greateste2
- Value
- 3.4 to 4.4e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Injury Criteria Associated with Soybean Exposure to Dicamba”
e2“Greatest crop injury 15 d after treatment (DAT) was observed for dicamba rates of 0.6 to 4.4 g ha –1 for upper canopy pale leaf margins (3.8 to 4.2) at V3/V4 and for terminal leaf cupping (4.1 to 5.0) at R1/R2, and for rates of 0.6 to 8.8 g ha –1 for upper canopy leaf cupping (3.8 to 4.8) and upper canopy leaf surface crinkling (3.4 to 4.4) at V3/V4”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower stem base swelling at V3/V4 at dicamba rates up to 4.4 g ha –1 was equivalent to the nontreated control.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- dicamba rates as high as 4.4 g ha –1e3
- Outcome
- lower stem base swellinge3
- Direction
- equivalente3
- Comparator
- nontreated controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Injury Criteria Associated with Soybean Exposure to Dicamba”
e3“Injury 15 DAT was equivalent to the nontreated control for dicamba rates as high as 4.4 g ha –1 for lower stem base swelling at V3/V4 and for upper canopy leaf rollover/inversion and terminal leaf necrosis at R1/R2; for rates as high as 8.8 g ha –1 for leaf petiole base swelling and stem epinasty at R1/R2, and lower stem base lesions/cracking (V3/V4 and R1/R2 average); and for rates as high as 17.5 g ha –1 for lower leaf soil contact at V3/V4 and leaf petiole droop at R1/R2”
Claim · model-written summary
Upper canopy leaf rollover/inversion at R1/R2 at dicamba rates up to 4.4 g ha –1 was equivalent to the nontreated control.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- dicamba rates as high as 4.4 g ha –1e3
- Outcome
- upper canopy leaf rollover/inversione3
- Direction
- equivalente3
- Comparator
- nontreated controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Injury Criteria Associated with Soybean Exposure to Dicamba”
e3“Injury 15 DAT was equivalent to the nontreated control for dicamba rates as high as 4.4 g ha –1 for lower stem base swelling at V3/V4 and for upper canopy leaf rollover/inversion and terminal leaf necrosis at R1/R2; for rates as high as 8.8 g ha –1 for leaf petiole base swelling and stem epinasty at R1/R2, and lower stem base lesions/cracking (V3/V4 and R1/R2 average); and for rates as high as 17.5 g ha –1 for lower leaf soil contact at V3/V4 and leaf petiole droop at R1/R2”
Claim · model-written summary
Terminal leaf necrosis at R1/R2 at dicamba rates up to 4.4 g ha –1 was equivalent to the nontreated control.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- dicamba rates as high as 4.4 g ha –1e3
- Outcome
- terminal leaf necrosise3
- Direction
- equivalente3
- Comparator
- nontreated controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Injury Criteria Associated with Soybean Exposure to Dicamba”
e3“Injury 15 DAT was equivalent to the nontreated control for dicamba rates as high as 4.4 g ha –1 for lower stem base swelling at V3/V4 and for upper canopy leaf rollover/inversion and terminal leaf necrosis at R1/R2; for rates as high as 8.8 g ha –1 for leaf petiole base swelling and stem epinasty at R1/R2, and lower stem base lesions/cracking (V3/V4 and R1/R2 average); and for rates as high as 17.5 g ha –1 for lower leaf soil contact at V3/V4 and leaf petiole droop at R1/R2”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf petiole base swelling and stem epinasty at R1/R2 at dicamba rates up to 8.8 g ha –1 were equivalent to the nontreated control.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- rates as high as 8.8 g ha –1e3
- Outcome
- leaf petiole base swelling and stem epinastye3
- Direction
- equivalente3
- Comparator
- nontreated controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Injury Criteria Associated with Soybean Exposure to Dicamba”
e3“Injury 15 DAT was equivalent to the nontreated control for dicamba rates as high as 4.4 g ha –1 for lower stem base swelling at V3/V4 and for upper canopy leaf rollover/inversion and terminal leaf necrosis at R1/R2; for rates as high as 8.8 g ha –1 for leaf petiole base swelling and stem epinasty at R1/R2, and lower stem base lesions/cracking (V3/V4 and R1/R2 average); and for rates as high as 17.5 g ha –1 for lower leaf soil contact at V3/V4 and leaf petiole droop at R1/R2”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower stem base lesions/cracking at dicamba rates up to 8.8 g ha –1 was equivalent to the nontreated control.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- rates as high as 8.8 g ha –1e3
- Outcome
- lower stem base lesions/crackinge3
- Direction
- equivalente3
- Comparator
- nontreated controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Injury Criteria Associated with Soybean Exposure to Dicamba”
e3“Injury 15 DAT was equivalent to the nontreated control for dicamba rates as high as 4.4 g ha –1 for lower stem base swelling at V3/V4 and for upper canopy leaf rollover/inversion and terminal leaf necrosis at R1/R2; for rates as high as 8.8 g ha –1 for leaf petiole base swelling and stem epinasty at R1/R2, and lower stem base lesions/cracking (V3/V4 and R1/R2 average); and for rates as high as 17.5 g ha –1 for lower leaf soil contact at V3/V4 and leaf petiole droop at R1/R2”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower leaf soil contact at dicamba rates up to 17.5 g ha –1 was equivalent to the nontreated control.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- rates as high as 17.5 g ha –1e3
- Outcome
- lower leaf soil contacte3
- Direction
- equivalente3
- Comparator
- nontreated controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Injury Criteria Associated with Soybean Exposure to Dicamba”
e3“Injury 15 DAT was equivalent to the nontreated control for dicamba rates as high as 4.4 g ha –1 for lower stem base swelling at V3/V4 and for upper canopy leaf rollover/inversion and terminal leaf necrosis at R1/R2; for rates as high as 8.8 g ha –1 for leaf petiole base swelling and stem epinasty at R1/R2, and lower stem base lesions/cracking (V3/V4 and R1/R2 average); and for rates as high as 17.5 g ha –1 for lower leaf soil contact at V3/V4 and leaf petiole droop at R1/R2”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf petiole droop at R1/R2 at dicamba rates up to 17.5 g ha –1 was equivalent to the nontreated control.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- rates as high as 17.5 g ha –1e3
- Outcome
- leaf petiole droope3
- Direction
- equivalente3
- Comparator
- nontreated controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Injury Criteria Associated with Soybean Exposure to Dicamba”
e3“Injury 15 DAT was equivalent to the nontreated control for dicamba rates as high as 4.4 g ha –1 for lower stem base swelling at V3/V4 and for upper canopy leaf rollover/inversion and terminal leaf necrosis at R1/R2; for rates as high as 8.8 g ha –1 for leaf petiole base swelling and stem epinasty at R1/R2, and lower stem base lesions/cracking (V3/V4 and R1/R2 average); and for rates as high as 17.5 g ha –1 for lower leaf soil contact at V3/V4 and leaf petiole droop at R1/R2”
Claim · model-written summary
Visual injury and plant height reduction rose steadily with increasing dicamba rate, in contrast to the injury criteria (0 to 100%).
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- increasing dicamba ratee4
- Outcome
- visual injury and plant height reductione4
- Direction
- steady increasee4
- Value
- 0 to 100%e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Injury Criteria Associated with Soybean Exposure to Dicamba”
e4“The response to increasing dicamba rate observed for the injury criteria was in contrast to the steady increase in visual injury and plant height reduction rated as 0 to 100%”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate to severe injury at dicamba 0.6 to 4.4 g ha –1 corresponded to soybean yield loss of 1% to 9% when applied at V3/V4.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- dicamba at 0.6 to 4.4 g ha –1e5
- Outcome
- soybean yield losse5
- Value
- 1% to 9%e5
- Qualifier
- for application at V3/V4e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Injury Criteria Associated with Soybean Exposure to Dicamba”
e5“The moderate to severe upper canopy leaf cupping, pale leaf margins, and leaf surface crinkling, and terminal leaf cupping 15 DAT with dicamba at 0.6 to 4.4 g ha –1 corresponded to soybean yield loss of 1% to 9% for application at V3/V4 and 2% to 17% at R1/R2”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate to severe injury at dicamba 0.6 to 4.4 g ha –1 corresponded to soybean yield loss of 2% to 17% when applied at R1/R2.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- dicamba at 0.6 to 4.4 g ha –1e5
- Outcome
- soybean yield losse5
- Value
- 2% to 17%e5
- Qualifier
- at R1/R2e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Injury Criteria Associated with Soybean Exposure to Dicamba”
e5“The moderate to severe upper canopy leaf cupping, pale leaf margins, and leaf surface crinkling, and terminal leaf cupping 15 DAT with dicamba at 0.6 to 4.4 g ha –1 corresponded to soybean yield loss of 1% to 9% for application at V3/V4 and 2% to 17% at R1/R2”
The same questions in other papers
dicamba · growth · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
19 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
26 papers more in this group
See all 30 papers →dicamba · crop injury · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
28 papers in the same direction as this paper · 8 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
33 papers more in this group
See all 37 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.