Abstract
Abstract Increases in atmospheric CO 2 concentrations ([CO 2 ]) and surface temperature are known to individually have effects on crop development and yield, but their interactive effects have not been adequately investigated under field conditions. We evaluated the impacts of elevated [CO 2 ] with and without canopy warming as a function of development in soybean and maize using infrared heating arrays nested within free air CO 2 enrichment plots over three growing seasons. Vegetative development accelerated in soybean with temperature plus elevated [CO 2 ] resulting in higher node number. Reproductive development was delayed in soybean under elevated [CO 2 ], but warming mitigated this delay. In maize, both vegetative and reproductive developments were accelerated by warming, whereas elevated [CO 2 ] had no apparent effect on development. Treatment‐induced changes in the leaf carbohydrates, dark respiration rate, morphological parameters, and environmental conditions accompanied the changes in plant development. We used two thermal models to investigate their ability to predict the observed development under warming and elevated [CO 2 ]. Whereas the growing degree day model underestimated the thermal threshold to reach each developmental stage, the alternative process‐based model used ( β function) was able to predict crop development under climate change conditions.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Warming plus elevated carbon dioxide accelerated soybean vegetative development and increased node number.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- temperature plus elevated [CO 2 ]e0
- Outcome
- Vegetative developmente0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vegetative development accelerated in soybean with temperature plus elevated [CO 2 ] resulting in higher node number.”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide delayed soybean reproductive development.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- elevated [CO 2 ]e0
- Outcome
- Reproductive developmente0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reproductive development was delayed in soybean under elevated [CO 2 ]”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming mitigated the delay of soybean reproductive development under elevated carbon dioxide.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- warminge0
- Outcome
- Reproductive developmente0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
- Comparator
- elevated [CO 2 ]e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reproductive development was delayed in soybean under elevated [CO 2 ], but warming mitigated this delay.”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming accelerated maize vegetative and reproductive development.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In maize, both vegetative and reproductive developments were accelerated by warming”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide had no apparent effect on maize development.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated [CO 2 ] had no apparent effect on development”
e1“In maize, both vegetative and reproductive developments were accelerated by warming, whereas elevated [CO 2 ] had no apparent effect on development.”
Claim · model-written summary
The growing degree day model underestimated thermal thresholds for crop developmental stages.
Verbatim
e0“the growing degree day model underestimated the thermal threshold to reach each developmental stage”
Claim · model-written summary
The beta-function model predicted crop development under climate change conditions.
Verbatim
e0“the alternative process‐based model used ( β function) was able to predict crop development under climate change conditions.”
e1“the growing degree day model underestimated the thermal threshold to reach each developmental stage, the alternative process‐based model used ( β function) was able to predict crop development under climate change conditions.”
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