Abstract
Heat waves already have a large impact on crops and are predicted to become more intense and more frequent in the future. In this study, heat waves were imposed on soybean using infrared heating technology in a fully open-air field experiment. Five separate heat waves were applied to field-grown soybean (Glycine max) in central Illinois, three in 2010 and two in 2011. Thirty years of historical weather data from Illinois were analyzed to determine the length and intensity of a regionally realistic heat wave resulting in experimental heat wave treatments during which day and night canopy temperatures were elevated 6 °C above ambient for 3 days. Heat waves were applied during early or late reproductive stages to determine whether and when heat waves had an impact on carbon metabolism and seed yield. By the third day of each heat wave, net photosynthesis (A), specific leaf weight (SLW), and leaf total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration (TNC) were decreased, while leaf oxidative stress was increased. However, A, SLW, TNC, and measures of oxidative stress were no different than the control ca. 12 h after the heat waves ended, indicating rapid physiological recovery from the high-temperature stress. That end of season seed yield was reduced (~10%) only when heat waves were applied during early pod developmental stages indicates the yield loss had more to do with direct impacts of the heat waves on reproductive process than on photosynthesis. Soybean was unable to mitigate yield loss after heat waves given during late reproductive stages. This study shows that short high-temperature stress events that reduce photosynthesis and increase oxidative stress resulted in significant losses to soybean production in the Midwest, U.S. The study also suggests that to mitigate heat wave-induced yield loss, soybean needs improved reproductive and photosynthetic tolerance to high but increasingly common temperatures.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
By the third heat-wave day, soybean net photosynthesis decreased.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Treatment
- heat wavee0
- Outcome
- net photosynthesise0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- third daye0
- Setting
- central Illinoise1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By the third day of each heat wave, net photosynthesis (A), specific leaf weight (SLW), and leaf total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration (TNC) were decreased”
e1“field-grown soybean (Glycine max) in central Illinois”
Claim · model-written summary
By the third heat-wave day, soybean specific leaf weight decreased.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- heat wavee0
- Outcome
- specific leaf weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- third daye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By the third day of each heat wave, net photosynthesis (A), specific leaf weight (SLW), and leaf total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration (TNC) were decreased”
e1“field-grown soybean (Glycine max) in central Illinois”
Claim · model-written summary
By the third heat-wave day, soybean leaf total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration decreased.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- heat wavee0
- Outcome
- leaf total nonstructural carbohydrate concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- third daye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By the third day of each heat wave, net photosynthesis (A), specific leaf weight (SLW), and leaf total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration (TNC) were decreased”
e1“field-grown soybean (Glycine max) in central Illinois”
Claim · model-written summary
By the third heat-wave day, soybean leaf oxidative stress increased.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- heat wavee1
- Outcome
- leaf oxidative stresse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- third daye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf oxidative stress was increased.”
e1“By the third day of each heat wave”
e2“field-grown soybean (Glycine max)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean photosynthesis, specific leaf weight, carbohydrates, and oxidative stress matched controls about 12 hours after heat waves ended.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- heat wavese0
- Outcome
- A, SLW, TNC, and measures of oxidative stresse0
- Direction
- no differente0
- Qualifier
- ca. 12 h after the heat waves endede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A, SLW, TNC, and measures of oxidative stress were no different than the control ca. 12 h after the heat waves ended”
e1“net photosynthesis (A), specific leaf weight (SLW), and leaf total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration (TNC)”
e2“field-grown soybean (Glycine max)”
Claim · model-written summary
Early pod-stage heat waves reduced soybean seed yield by about 10%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Organ / stage
- early pod developmental stagese0
- Treatment
- heat wavese0
- Outcome
- end of season seed yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- ~10%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“end of season seed yield was reduced (~10%) only when heat waves were applied during early pod developmental stages”
e1“field-grown soybean (Glycine max)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean did not compensate for yield loss after late reproductive-stage heat waves.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- late reproductive stagese0
- Treatment
- heat wavese0
- Outcome
- yield losse0
- Direction
- unable to mitigatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean was unable to mitigate yield loss after heat waves given during late reproductive stages.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute early pod-stage yield loss more to reproductive impacts than to photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- yield losse0
- Qualifier
- direct impacts of the heat waves on reproductive process than on photosynthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the yield loss had more to do with direct impacts of the heat waves on reproductive process than on photosynthesis.”
e1“field-grown soybean (Glycine max)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest improving soybean reproductive and photosynthetic heat tolerance to mitigate yield loss.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- improved reproductive and photosynthetic tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- high but increasingly common temperaturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to mitigate heat wave-induced yield loss, soybean needs improved reproductive and photosynthetic tolerance to high but increasingly common temperatures.”
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