Abstract
We evaluated the effects of seven types of 4.5-inch top-diameter biocontainers and five rates of paclobutrazol drench on the growth and development of angelonia ( Angelonia angustifolia ‘Serena White’) and petunia ( Petunia × hybrida ‘Wave ® Purple Improved Prostrate’) during greenhouse production. The container types included were biopolyurethane-coated paper fiber; uncoated paper fiber; rice hull; coconut coir; peat; two types of bioplastic container, one made from 90% polylactic acid (PLA) and 10% lignin [PLA-lignin (90/10 by weight)] and another made from 60% PLA and 40% soy polymer with adipic anhydride {SP.A [PLA-SP.A]; (60/40 by weight)}; and a petroleum-based plastic control. All containers were filled with 590 mL of substrate composed of (by vol) 75% canadian sphagnum moss and 25% perlite. Ten days after transplanting seedlings, 2-fl oz aliquots of deionized water containing 0, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 mg·L −1 paclobutrazol were applied to the substrate surface as drenches. The date of anthesis was recorded for each plant, and growth data were collected 6 weeks after transplant. Shoots were harvested and dried and shoot dry weight (SDW) was recorded. Height (angelonia only) and diameter of angelonia and petunia and time to flower were calculated. Container type and paclobutrazol concentration interacted to affect size and SDW of angelonia and petunia. Growth index of angelonia treated with 0 mg·L −1 paclobutrazol and grown in coir and peat containers was 19% to 29% and 29% to 38% smaller than that of plants in other container types, respectively. Diameter of untreated petunia grown in peat containers was similar to that of those grown in coir and uncoated paper fiber containers, but was smaller (10.9 to 13.5 cm) than that of plants grown in other container types. As paclobutrazol concentrations increased from 0 to 20 mg·L −1 treatments, SDWs of petunia grown in coir containers were suppressed by 23%, whereas plants grown in rice hull containers were up to 45% less. Our results indicate that growth suppression of angelonia and petunia grown in biocontainers using paclobutrazol drenches varies by the type of biocontainer. Producers should reduce paclobutrazol drench concentrations to produce plants of appropriate size if substituting coir or peat biocontainers for traditional petroleum plastics, whereas no adjustment in plant growth retardant (PGR) drench concentrations is required for plants produced in the other biocontainer types we evaluated.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Container type and paclobutrazol concentration interacted to affect angelonia size and shoot dry weight.
AngeloniaNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Container type and paclobutrazol concentration interacted to affect size and SDW of angelonia and petunia”
Claim · model-written summary
Container type and paclobutrazol concentration interacted to affect petunia size and shoot dry weight.
_flowers_in_Westgate_Gardens%2C_Canterbury.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
PetuniaNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_flowers_in_Westgate_Gardens%2C_Canterbury.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Container type and paclobutrazol concentration interacted to affect size and SDW of angelonia and petunia”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated angelonia in coir containers had a growth index 19% to 29% smaller than plants in other containers.
- Treatment
- coire0
- Outcome
- Growth indexe0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Value
- 19% to 29%e0
- Qualifier
- 0 mg·L −1 paclobutrazole0
- Comparator
- other container typese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth index of angelonia treated with 0 mg·L −1 paclobutrazol and grown in coir and peat containers was 19% to 29% and 29% to 38% smaller than that of plants in other container types, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated angelonia in peat containers had a growth index 29% to 38% smaller than plants in other containers.
- Treatment
- peate0
- Outcome
- Growth indexe0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Value
- 29% to 38%e0
- Qualifier
- 0 mg·L −1 paclobutrazole0
- Comparator
- other container typese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth index of angelonia treated with 0 mg·L −1 paclobutrazol and grown in coir and peat containers was 19% to 29% and 29% to 38% smaller than that of plants in other container types, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated petunia diameter in peat containers was similar to coir and uncoated paper fiber containers.
- Treatment
- peat containerse0
- Outcome
- Diametere0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- coir and uncoated paper fiber containerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Diameter of untreated petunia grown in peat containers was similar to that of those grown in coir and uncoated paper fiber containers”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated petunia in peat containers had a diameter 10.9 to 13.5 cm smaller than in other containers.
- Treatment
- peat containerse0
- Outcome
- Diametere0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Value
- 10.9 to 13.5 cme0
- Comparator
- other container typese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Diameter of untreated petunia grown in peat containers was similar to that of those grown in coir and uncoated paper fiber containers, but was smaller (10.9 to 13.5 cm) than that of plants grown in other container types”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing paclobutrazol from 0 to 20 mg per liter suppressed petunia shoot dry weight by 23% in coir containers.
- Treatment
- paclobutrazol concentrations increased from 0 to 20 mg·L −1e0
- Outcome
- SDWse0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 23%e0
- Qualifier
- coir containerse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As paclobutrazol concentrations increased from 0 to 20 mg·L −1 treatments, SDWs of petunia grown in coir containers were suppressed by 23%”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing paclobutrazol was associated with up to 45% lower petunia shoot dry weight in rice hull containers.
- Treatment
- paclobutrazol concentrations increased from 0 to 20 mg·L −1e0
- Outcome
- SDWse0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 45%e0
- Qualifier
- rice hull containerse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As paclobutrazol concentrations increased from 0 to 20 mg·L −1 treatments, SDWs of petunia grown in coir containers were suppressed by 23%, whereas plants grown in rice hull containers were up to 45% less”
Claim · model-written summary
Producers should reduce paclobutrazol drench concentration when replacing petroleum plastic with coir or peat containers.
- Treatment
- coir or peat biocontainerse0
- Outcome
- reduce paclobutrazol drench concentrationse0
- Comparator
- traditional petroleum plasticse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Producers should reduce paclobutrazol drench concentrations to produce plants of appropriate size if substituting coir or peat biocontainers for traditional petroleum plastics”
t0“growth and development of angelonia (”
Claim · model-written summary
No paclobutrazol drench adjustment is needed for other evaluated biocontainer types.
- Outcome
- no adjustment in plant growth retardant (PGR) drench concentrationse0
- Qualifier
- other biocontainer typese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no adjustment in plant growth retardant (PGR) drench concentrations is required for plants produced in the other biocontainer types we evaluated”
t0“and petunia (”
The same questions in other papers
growing medium · growth · AngeloniaPositive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
growing medium · growth · Petunia (petunia)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.