Abstract
Black rot of crucifers, (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris) is the principal yield-limiting and destructive pathogen of cruciferous crop worldwide. In order to validate a bio-based control alternative for this disease, whey, lime sulfur, biofertilizer, Bordeaux mixture or raw milk were applied to kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) plants. The disease control was achieved by most of the tested products. Milk-based products (raw milk and whey) and biofertilizer reduced the severity by 44 and 56% in the field. Antioxidants, crude fibber, crude protein and lipid contents and kale yield were verified in the five treatments on the leaves with and without X. campestris pv. campestris inoculation. In the absence of the pathogen (non-inoculated), lime sulfur and Bordeaux mixture improved plant nutritional value compared to organic treatments, nevertheless milk-based products and biofertilizer improved the evaluated variables more than the control. However, on leaves inoculated with X. campestris pv. campestris raw milk increased antioxidant activity, crude protein and fiber contents, whereas biofertilizer increased kale yield, lipid and antioxidant contents. Milk-based products and biofertilizer were further evaluated in greenhouse trials to determinate the activity of defense-related enzymes and lignin content. Biofertilizer treatment resulted in increased phenylalanine ammonia lyase, catalase, peroxidase activities and lignin content. Hence, the application of milk-based products and biofertilizer are promising to control black rot of crucifers and also improves food quality by boosting nutritional values and antioxidant activity.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Milk-based products and biofertilizer reduced black rot severity by 44 and 56%, respectively, in the field.
- Taxon
- kale
Brassica oleracea var. viridise7 - Treatment
- Milk-based products (raw milk and whey) and biofertilizere1
- Interactor
- Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestrise0pathogen - Outcome
- severitye1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 44 and 56%e1
- Setting
- in the fielde1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Black rot of crucifers, (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris) is the principal yield-limiting and destructive pathogen of cruciferous crop worldwide”
e1“Milk-based products (raw milk and whey) and biofertilizer reduced the severity by 44 and 56% in the field”
e7“applied to kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilizer increased kale yield.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise7
- Treatment
- biofertilizere3
- Outcome
- kale yielde3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“whereas biofertilizer increased kale yield, lipid and antioxidant contents”
e7“applied to kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Raw milk increased antioxidant activity of kale leaves inoculated with X. campestris pv. campestris.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise7
- Treatment
- raw milke2
- Interactor
- X. campestris pv. campestrisXanthomonas campestris pv. campestrise2pathogen
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“on leaves inoculated with X. campestris pv. campestris raw milk increased antioxidant activity, crude protein and fiber contents”
e7“applied to kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Raw milk increased crude protein and fiber contents of kale leaves inoculated with X. campestris pv. campestris.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise7
- Treatment
- raw milke2
- Interactor
- X. campestris pv. campestrisXanthomonas campestris pv. campestrise2pathogen
- Outcome
- crude protein and fiber contentse2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“on leaves inoculated with X. campestris pv. campestris raw milk increased antioxidant activity, crude protein and fiber contents”
e7“applied to kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilizer increased lipid and antioxidant contents of kale leaves.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise7
- Treatment
- biofertilizere3
- Outcome
- lipid and antioxidant contentse3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“whereas biofertilizer increased kale yield, lipid and antioxidant contents”
e7“applied to kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Without the pathogen, lime sulfur and Bordeaux mixture improved kale nutritional value compared with organic treatments.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise7
- Treatment
- lime sulfur and Bordeaux mixturee4
- Outcome
- plant nutritional valuee4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Qualifier
- In the absence of the pathogen (non-inoculated)e4
- Comparator
- organic treatmentse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In the absence of the pathogen (non-inoculated), lime sulfur and Bordeaux mixture improved plant nutritional value compared to organic treatments”
e7“applied to kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Without the pathogen, milk-based products and biofertilizer improved the evaluated kale variables more than the control.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise7
- Treatment
- milk-based products and biofertilizere1
- Outcome
- evaluated variablese1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“nevertheless milk-based products and biofertilizer improved the evaluated variables more than the control”
e7“applied to kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilizer increased phenylalanine ammonia lyase, catalase and peroxidase activities in greenhouse trials.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise7
- Treatment
- Biofertilizer treatmente5
- Gene
- phenylalanine ammonia lyasee5
- Outcome
- phenylalanine ammonia lyase, catalase, peroxidase activitiese5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Setting
- greenhouse trialse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Biofertilizer treatment resulted in increased phenylalanine ammonia lyase, catalase, peroxidase activities and lignin content”
e6“Milk-based products and biofertilizer were further evaluated in greenhouse trials to determinate the activity of defense-related enzymes and lignin content”
e7“applied to kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilizer increased lignin content in greenhouse trials.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise7
- Treatment
- Biofertilizer treatmente5
- Outcome
- lignin contente5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Setting
- greenhouse trialse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Biofertilizer treatment resulted in increased phenylalanine ammonia lyase, catalase, peroxidase activities and lignin content”
e6“Milk-based products and biofertilizer were further evaluated in greenhouse trials to determinate the activity of defense-related enzymes and lignin content”
e7“applied to kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Milk-based products and biofertilizer are promising to control black rot of crucifers.
Verbatim
e7“Hence, the application of milk-based products and biofertilizer are promising to control black rot of crucifers”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.