Abstract
This paper investigated the impact of the combined use of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) biochar and plant-growth-promoting rhizobia (PGPR) on the growth, yield, and biochemical response of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis). A preliminary study was conducted under greenhouse condition using six treatments (sextuplicate) as control (no addition), T1 (PGPR), T2 (5 g/Kg biochar), T3 (5 g/Kg biochar + PGPR), T4 (10 g/Kg biochar), and T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR) under greenhouse conditions. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-Zeiss), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier’s transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses showed that biochar produced from slow pyrolysis of SMS had advantageous structural, functional, and morphological properties for agricultural use. Results showed that SMS biochar addition aids the acceleration of soil nutrient properties. SMS biochar and PGPR application also significantly (p < 0.05) improved the selected growth, yield, and biochemical parameters of cauliflower. In particular, the highest cauliflower yield (550.11 ± 10.05 g), fresh plant biomass (1.66 ± 0.04 Kg), dry plant biomass (149.40 ± 4.18 g), plant height (22.09 ± 0.14 cm), root length (11.20 ± 0.05 cm), plant spread (28.35 ± 0.18 cm), and the number of leaves (12.50 ± 0.50) were observed in T5 treatment. Similarly, the best values for biochemical parameters and enzyme activities such as total chlorophyll (TC: 3.13 ± 0.07 mg/g), superoxide dismutase (SOD: 79.12 ± 1.29 µg/g), catalase (CAT: 55.70 ± 2.52 µg/g), peroxidase (POD 30.18 ± 0.37 µg/g), total phenolics (TP: 19.50 ± 0.31 mg/g), ascorbic acid (AA: 14.18 ± 0.55 mg/g), and total carotenoids (TCT: 150.17 ± 8.20 µg/100 g) were also recorded in the T5 treatment. The application of SMS biochar and PGPR showed a positive correlation with growth, yield, and biochemical response of cauliflower, as indicated by the Pearson correlation analysis. The findings of this study suggest efficient recycling of mushroom industry waste for biochar production and the use of PGPR to improve nutrient utilization in sustainable agriculture.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Spent mushroom biochar had properties considered advantageous for agriculture.
- Taxon
- Cauliflower
Brassica oleracea var. botrytist0 - Outcome
- advantageous structural, functional, and morphological properties for agricultural usee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar produced from slow pyrolysis of SMS had advantageous structural, functional, and morphological properties for agricultural use”
t0“Cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
SMS biochar increased soil nutrient properties.
- Taxon
- CauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- SMS biochar additione0
- Outcome
- soil nutrient propertiese0
- Direction
- acceleratione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SMS biochar addition aids the acceleration of soil nutrient properties”
t0“Cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined biochar and PGPR significantly improved cauliflower growth, yield, and biochemical parameters.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise0
- Treatment
- SMS biochar and PGPR applicatione0
- Outcome
- growth, yield, and biochemical parameterse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SMS biochar and PGPR application also significantly (p < 0.05) improved the selected growth, yield, and biochemical parameters of cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 produced the highest cauliflower yield, 550.11 ± 10.05 g.
- Taxon
- CauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR)e1
- Outcome
- cauliflower yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 550.11 ± 10.05 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest cauliflower yield (550.11 ± 10.05 g)”
e1“T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR)”
t0“Cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 produced the highest fresh biomass, 1.66 ± 0.04 Kg.
- Taxon
- CauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR)e1
- Outcome
- fresh plant biomasse0
- Value
- 1.66 ± 0.04 Kge0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fresh plant biomass (1.66 ± 0.04 Kg)”
e1“T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR)”
t0“Cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 produced the highest dry biomass, 149.40 ± 4.18 g.
- Taxon
- CauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR)e1
- Outcome
- dry plant biomasse0
- Value
- 149.40 ± 4.18 ge0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry plant biomass (149.40 ± 4.18 g)”
e1“T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR)”
t0“Cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 produced the highest plant height, 22.09 ± 0.14 cm.
- Taxon
- CauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR)e1
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Value
- 22.09 ± 0.14 cme0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant height (22.09 ± 0.14 cm)”
e1“T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR)”
t0“Cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 produced the highest root length, 11.20 ± 0.05 cm.
- Taxon
- CauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR)e1
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Value
- 11.20 ± 0.05 cme0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root length (11.20 ± 0.05 cm)”
e1“T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR)”
t0“Cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 produced the highest plant spread, 28.35 ± 0.18 cm.
- Taxon
- CauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR)e1
- Outcome
- plant spreade0
- Value
- 28.35 ± 0.18 cme0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant spread (28.35 ± 0.18 cm)”
e1“T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR)”
t0“Cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 produced the highest leaf count, 12.50 ± 0.50.
- Taxon
- CauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR)e1
- Outcome
- number of leavese0
- Value
- 12.50 ± 0.50e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“number of leaves (12.50 ± 0.50)”
e1“T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR)”
t0“Cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 gave the best total chlorophyll value, 3.13 ± 0.07 mg/g.
- Taxon
- CauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR)e1
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle0
- Value
- 3.13 ± 0.07 mg/ge0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total chlorophyll (TC: 3.13 ± 0.07 mg/g)”
e1“T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR)”
t0“Cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 gave the best superoxide dismutase value, 79.12 ± 1.29 µg/g.
- Taxon
- CauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR)e1
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Value
- 79.12 ± 1.29 µg/ge0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“superoxide dismutase (SOD: 79.12 ± 1.29 µg/g)”
e1“T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR)”
t0“Cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 gave the best catalase value, 55.70 ± 2.52 µg/g.
- Taxon
- CauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR)e1
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Value
- 55.70 ± 2.52 µg/ge0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase (CAT: 55.70 ± 2.52 µg/g)”
e1“T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR)”
t0“Cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 gave the best peroxidase value, 30.18 ± 0.37 µg/g.
- Taxon
- CauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR)e1
- Outcome
- peroxidasee0
- Value
- 30.18 ± 0.37 µg/ge0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“peroxidase (POD 30.18 ± 0.37 µg/g)”
e1“T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR)”
t0“Cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 gave the best total phenolics value, 19.50 ± 0.31 mg/g.
- Taxon
- CauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR)e1
- Outcome
- total phenolicse0
- Value
- 19.50 ± 0.31 mg/ge0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total phenolics (TP: 19.50 ± 0.31 mg/g)”
e1“T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR)”
t0“Cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 gave the best ascorbic acid value, 14.18 ± 0.55 mg/g.
- Taxon
- CauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR)e1
- Outcome
- ascorbic acide0
- Value
- 14.18 ± 0.55 mg/ge0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ascorbic acid (AA: 14.18 ± 0.55 mg/g)”
e1“T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR)”
t0“Cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 gave the best total carotenoids value, 150.17 ± 8.20 µg/100 g.
- Taxon
- CauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR)e1
- Outcome
- total carotenoidse0
- Value
- 150.17 ± 8.20 µg/100 ge0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total carotenoids (TCT: 150.17 ± 8.20 µg/100 g)”
e1“T5 (10 g/Kg biochar + PGPR)”
t0“Cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
SMS biochar and PGPR application correlated positively with cauliflower growth, yield, and biochemical response.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise0
- Treatment
- SMS biochar and PGPRe0
- Outcome
- growth, yield, and biochemical responsee0
- Direction
- positive correlatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SMS biochar and PGPR showed a positive correlation with growth, yield, and biochemical response of cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest using mushroom waste biochar and PGPR to improve nutrient use in sustainable agriculture.
- Taxon
- CauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Outcome
- use of PGPR to improve nutrient utilization in sustainable agriculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“efficient recycling of mushroom industry waste for biochar production and the use of PGPR to improve nutrient utilization in sustainable agriculture”
t0“Cauliflower”
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8 of 13 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.