Abstract
Heavy metal accumulation causes huge environmental problems, particularly in agricultural ecosystems which have deteriorative effects on the yield and quality of crops. Individual copper (Cu) and chromium (Cr) effects have been investigated extensively in plants; however, co-contamination of Cu and Cr induced stress on Brassica napus L. is still unclear. In the present experiment, the interactive effects of Cu and Cr were studied in two B. napus cultivars (Zheda 622 and ZS 758). Results showed that the application of Cr was more toxic than Cu, and their combined stress had shown a significant adverse effect on plant growth. Biomass and photosynthetic pigment were decreased remarkably under all metal treatments. Individual treatments of Cu and Cr and their combination cause the accumulation of ROS and lipid peroxidation. Moreover, the activities of antioxidant enzymes and their mRNA transcription levels, such as catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase, were increased, especially when treated with Cr alone or under Cu+Cr combined treatment in both cultivars, except for the CAT activity which was decreased in both leaves and roots of sensitive cultivar Zheda 622 as compared with their respective controls. Additionally, nonenzymatic antioxidants like reduced and oxidized glutathione showed a differential activity pattern in roots and leaves of both cultivars. A more pronounced modification in chloroplast ultrastructure was observed in both cultivars under Cu+Cr treatment followed by Cr and Cu alone treatments. Furthermore, synergistic effects of Cu and Cr were prominent; this may be due to the enhanced metals uptake under combined treatment, which suggests that Cr and Cu interaction is not competitive but is rather additive and genotypic-dependent.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Cr was more toxic to B. napus than Cu.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the application of Cr was more toxic than Cu”
e1“In the present experiment, the interactive effects of Cu and Cr were studied in two B. napus cultivars (Zheda 622 and ZS 758).”
e2“the activities of antioxidant enzymes and their mRNA transcription levels, such as catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase, were increased, especially when treated with Cr alone or under Cu+Cr combined treatment in both cultivars”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Cu and Cr stress adversely affected growth.
- Taxon
- B. napus
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=60)
Brassica napuse1 - Treatment
- combined stresse0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- adverse effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“their combined stress had shown a significant adverse effect on plant growth”
e1“In the present experiment, the interactive effects of Cu and Cr were studied in two B. napus cultivars (Zheda 622 and ZS 758).”
e2“the activities of antioxidant enzymes and their mRNA transcription levels, such as catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase, were increased, especially when treated with Cr alone or under Cu+Cr combined treatment in both cultivars”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
All metal treatments reduced biomass and photosynthetic pigment.
- Taxon
- B. napusBrassica napuse1
- Treatment
- all metal treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Biomass and photosynthetic pigmente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biomass and photosynthetic pigment were decreased remarkably under all metal treatments”
e1“In the present experiment, the interactive effects of Cu and Cr were studied in two B. napus cultivars (Zheda 622 and ZS 758).”
e2“the activities of antioxidant enzymes and their mRNA transcription levels, such as catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase, were increased, especially when treated with Cr alone or under Cu+Cr combined treatment in both cultivars”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu treatment caused ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation.
- Taxon
- B. napusBrassica napuse1
- Treatment
- Cue0
- Outcome
- accumulation of ROS and lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Individual treatments of Cu and Cr and their combination cause the accumulation of ROS and lipid peroxidation”
e1“In the present experiment, the interactive effects of Cu and Cr were studied in two B. napus cultivars (Zheda 622 and ZS 758).”
e2“the activities of antioxidant enzymes and their mRNA transcription levels, such as catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase, were increased, especially when treated with Cr alone or under Cu+Cr combined treatment in both cultivars”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
Cr treatment caused ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation.
- Taxon
- B. napusBrassica napuse1
- Treatment
- Cre0
- Outcome
- accumulation of ROS and lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Individual treatments of Cu and Cr and their combination cause the accumulation of ROS and lipid peroxidation”
e1“In the present experiment, the interactive effects of Cu and Cr were studied in two B. napus cultivars (Zheda 622 and ZS 758).”
e2“the activities of antioxidant enzymes and their mRNA transcription levels, such as catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase, were increased, especially when treated with Cr alone or under Cu+Cr combined treatment in both cultivars”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Cu and Cr caused ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation.
- Taxon
- B. napusBrassica napuse1
- Treatment
- their combinatione0
- Outcome
- accumulation of ROS and lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Individual treatments of Cu and Cr and their combination cause the accumulation of ROS and lipid peroxidation”
e1“In the present experiment, the interactive effects of Cu and Cr were studied in two B. napus cultivars (Zheda 622 and ZS 758).”
e2“the activities of antioxidant enzymes and their mRNA transcription levels, such as catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase, were increased, especially when treated with Cr alone or under Cu+Cr combined treatment in both cultivars”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant enzyme activities and transcription generally increased, especially under Cr or combined treatment.
- Taxon
- B. napusBrassica napuse1
- Treatment
- Cr alone or under Cu+Cr combined treatmente0
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymes and their mRNA transcription levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the activities of antioxidant enzymes and their mRNA transcription levels, such as catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase, were increased, especially when treated with Cr alone or under Cu+Cr combined treatment in both cultivars”
e1“In the present experiment, the interactive effects of Cu and Cr were studied in two B. napus cultivars (Zheda 622 and ZS 758).”
e2“the activities of antioxidant enzymes and their mRNA transcription levels, such as catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase, were increased, especially when treated with Cr alone or under Cu+Cr combined treatment in both cultivars”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
CAT activity decreased in leaves and roots of Zheda 622 relative to controls.
- Taxon
- B. napusBrassica napuse1
- Material
- Zheda 622e0
- Organ / stage
- leaves and rootse0
- Treatment
- Cr alone or under Cu+Cr combined treatmente2
- Gene
- CATe0
- Outcome
- CAT activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- their respective controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CAT activity which was decreased in both leaves and roots of sensitive cultivar Zheda 622 as compared with their respective controls”
e1“In the present experiment, the interactive effects of Cu and Cr were studied in two B. napus cultivars (Zheda 622 and ZS 758).”
e2“the activities of antioxidant enzymes and their mRNA transcription levels, such as catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase, were increased, especially when treated with Cr alone or under Cu+Cr combined treatment in both cultivars”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced and oxidized glutathione showed different activity patterns across roots and leaves.
- Taxon
- B. napusBrassica napuse1
- Organ / stage
- roots and leavese0
- Outcome
- differential activity patterne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced and oxidized glutathione showed a differential activity pattern in roots and leaves of both cultivars”
e1“In the present experiment, the interactive effects of Cu and Cr were studied in two B. napus cultivars (Zheda 622 and ZS 758).”
e2“the activities of antioxidant enzymes and their mRNA transcription levels, such as catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase, were increased, especially when treated with Cr alone or under Cu+Cr combined treatment in both cultivars”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment modified chloroplast ultrastructure more than Cr or Cu alone.
- Taxon
- B. napusBrassica napuse1
- Treatment
- Cu+Cr treatmente0
- Outcome
- modification in chloroplast ultrastructuree0
- Direction
- more pronouncede0
- Comparator
- Cr and Cu alone treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A more pronounced modification in chloroplast ultrastructure was observed in both cultivars under Cu+Cr treatment followed by Cr and Cu alone treatments”
e1“In the present experiment, the interactive effects of Cu and Cr were studied in two B. napus cultivars (Zheda 622 and ZS 758).”
e2“the activities of antioxidant enzymes and their mRNA transcription levels, such as catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase, were increased, especially when treated with Cr alone or under Cu+Cr combined treatment in both cultivars”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Cu and Cr showed synergistic effects, possibly through increased metal uptake.
- Taxon
- B. napusBrassica napuse1
- Treatment
- combined treatmente0
- Outcome
- synergistic effects of Cu and Cre0
- Qualifier
- enhanced metals uptakee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“synergistic effects of Cu and Cr were prominent; this may be due to the enhanced metals uptake under combined treatment”
e1“In the present experiment, the interactive effects of Cu and Cr were studied in two B. napus cultivars (Zheda 622 and ZS 758).”
e2“the activities of antioxidant enzymes and their mRNA transcription levels, such as catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase, were increased, especially when treated with Cr alone or under Cu+Cr combined treatment in both cultivars”
t0“Brassica napus”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpreted the Cu and Cr interaction as additive and genotype dependent.
- Taxon
- B. napusBrassica napuse1
- Outcome
- additive and genotypic-dependente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cr and Cu interaction is not competitive but is rather additive and genotypic-dependent”
e1“In the present experiment, the interactive effects of Cu and Cr were studied in two B. napus cultivars (Zheda 622 and ZS 758).”
e2“the activities of antioxidant enzymes and their mRNA transcription levels, such as catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase, were increased, especially when treated with Cr alone or under Cu+Cr combined treatment in both cultivars”
t0“Brassica napus”
The same questions in other papers
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See all 5 papers →chromium atom · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Brassica napus (oilseed rape)Results agree
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chromium atom · physiology: oxidative · Brassica napus (oilseed rape)Results agree
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See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.