Abstract
Our phenotyping and hormonal study has been aimed to characterize the role of cytokinins (CK) in the drought and recovery responses of Arabidopsis thaliana. CK down-regulation was achieved by overexpression of the gene for CK deactivating enzyme cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX): constitutive (35S:CKX) or at the stress onset using a dexamethasone-inducible pOp/LhGR promoter (DEX:CKX). The 35S:CKX plants exhibited slow ontogenesis and higher expression levels of stress-associated genes, e.g. AtP5CS1, already at control conditions. CK down-regulation resulted during drought in higher stress tolerance (indicated by relatively low up-regulation of the expression of drought stress marker gene AtRD29B) accompanied with lower leaf water loss. Nevertheless, these plants exhibited slow and delayed recovery. CK levels were increased at the stress onset by stimulation of the expression of CK biosynthetic gene isopentenyl transferase (ipt) (DEX:IPT) or by application of exogenous CK meta-topolin. After water withdrawal, long-term CK elevation resulted in higher water loss in comparison with CKX transformants as well as with plants overexpressing ipt driven by senescence-inducible SAG12 promoter (SAG:IPT), which gradually enhanced CKs during the stress progression. In all cases, CK up-regulation resulted in fast and more vigorous recovery. All drought-stressed plants exhibited growth suppression associated with elevation of abscisic acid and decrease of auxins and active CKs (with the exception of SAG:IPT plants). Apart from the ipt overexpressers, also increase of jasmonic and salicylic acid was found.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Cytokinin down-regulation resulted in higher drought stress tolerance in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsist0 - Treatment
- CK down-regulatione1
- Outcome
- stress tolerancee1
- Direction
- highere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis”
e1“CK down-regulation resulted during drought in higher stress tolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
The 35S:CKX plants showed slow ontogenesis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- 35S:CKXe2
- Outcome
- ontogenesise2
- Direction
- slowe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis”
e2“The 35S:CKX plants exhibited slow ontogenesis”
Claim · model-written summary
The 35S:CKX plants showed higher expression of stress-associated genes, e.g. AtP5CS1, at control conditions.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- 35S:CKXe2
- Gene
- AtP5CS1e3
- Outcome
- expression levels of stress-associated genese3
- Direction
- highere3
- Qualifier
- already at control conditionse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis”
e2“The 35S:CKX plants exhibited slow ontogenesis”
e3“higher expression levels of stress-associated genes, e.g. AtP5CS1, already at control conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytokinin down-regulated plants showed slow and delayed recovery after drought.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- CK down-regulatione1
- Outcome
- recoverye4
- Direction
- slow and delayede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis”
e1“CK down-regulation resulted during drought in higher stress tolerance”
e4“Nevertheless, these plants exhibited slow and delayed recovery”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytokinin up-regulation resulted in fast and more vigorous recovery after drought.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- CK up-regulatione5
- Outcome
- recoverye5
- Direction
- fast and more vigorouse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis”
e5“In all cases, CK up-regulation resulted in fast and more vigorous recovery”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term cytokinin elevation after water withdrawal caused higher water loss than in CKX transformants.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- long-term CK elevatione6
- Outcome
- water losse6
- Direction
- highere6
- Comparator
- CKX transformantse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis”
e6“long-term CK elevation resulted in higher water loss in comparison with CKX transformants”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytokinin down-regulation was accompanied by lower leaf water loss during drought.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- CK down-regulatione1
- Outcome
- leaf water losse7
- Direction
- lowere7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis”
e1“CK down-regulation resulted during drought in higher stress tolerance”
e7“accompanied with lower leaf water loss”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought-stressed plants showed growth suppression.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- drought-stressede6
- Outcome
- growth suppressione6
- Direction
- suppressione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis”
e6“All drought-stressed plants exhibited growth suppression associated with elevation of abscisic acid and decrease of auxins and active CKs”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought-stressed plants showed elevated abscisic acid.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- drought-stressede6
- Compound
- abscisic acide6
- Outcome
- abscisic acide6
- Direction
- elevatione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis”
e6“All drought-stressed plants exhibited growth suppression associated with elevation of abscisic acid and decrease of auxins and active CKs”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought-stressed plants showed decreased auxins and active cytokinins.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- drought-stressede6
- Compound
- auxinse6
- Outcome
- auxins and active CKse6
- Direction
- decreasee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis”
e6“All drought-stressed plants exhibited growth suppression associated with elevation of abscisic acid and decrease of auxins and active CKs”
Claim · model-written summary
Jasmonic and salicylic acid increased in plants other than the ipt overexpressers under drought.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- jasmonic and salicylic acide0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- Apart from the ipt overexpresserse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis”
e0“Apart from the ipt overexpressers, also increase of jasmonic and salicylic acid was found”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.