Abstract
Western bean cutworm, Striacosta albicosta (Smith; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) has become a key pest of maize, Zea mays (L.), in Ontario, Canada which is challenging to control due to its lack of susceptibility to most Bt-maize events. Injury by S. albicosta may exacerbate Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe; Hypocreales: Nectriaceae) infection through provision of entry points on the ear. The objectives of this study were to: investigate the relationship between injury by S. albicosta and deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation; evaluate non-Bt and Bt-maize hybrids, with and without insecticide and fungicide application; and determine optimal insecticide-fungicide application timing for reducing S. albicosta injury and DON accumulation. The incidence of injury by S. albicosta and ear rot severity were found to increase DON concentrations under favorable environmental conditions for F. graminearum infection. Incidence of S. albicosta injury was more important than severity of injury for DON accumulation which may be due to larval consumption of infected kernels. The Vip3A × Cry1Ab event provided superior protection from the incidence and severity of S. albicosta injury compared to non-Bt or Cry1F hybrids. Insecticide application to a Vip3A × Cry1Ab hybrid did not reduce injury further; however, lower severity of injury was observed for non-Bt and Cry1F hybrids when pyrethroids or diamides were applied at early VT or R1 stages. DON concentrations were reduced with application of prothioconazole fungicide tank-mixed with insecticide at late VT (before silk browning) or when insecticide was applied at early VT followed by prothioconazole at R1. The application of an insecticide/fungicide tank-mix is the most efficient approach for maize hybrids lacking high-dose insecticidal proteins against S. albicosta and F. graminearum tolerance. Results demonstrate that reducing the risk of DON accumulation requires a strategic approach to manage complex associations among S. albicosta, F. graminearum and the environment.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Greater western bean cutworm injury incidence was associated with higher DON concentration under conditions favorable to fungal infection.
- Interactor
- S. albicosta
Striacosta albicostae0pest - Second interactor
- F. graminearum
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium graminearume0pathogen - Outcome
- DON concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- under favorable environmental conditions for F. graminearum infectione0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The incidence of injury by S. albicosta and ear rot severity were found to increase DON concentrations under favorable environmental conditions for F. graminearum infection.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Greater ear rot severity was associated with higher DON concentration under conditions favorable to fungal infection.
- Interactor
- F. graminearumFusarium graminearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- DON concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ear rot severity were found to increase DON concentrations under favorable environmental conditions for F. graminearum infection”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Incidence of cutworm injury was more important than injury severity for DON accumulation.
- Interactor
- S. albicostaStriacosta albicostae0pest
- Outcome
- DON accumulatione0
- Direction
- more importante0
- Comparator
- severity of injurye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Incidence of S. albicosta injury was more important than severity of injury for DON accumulation”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The Vip3A × Cry1Ab event gave superior protection against cutworm injury incidence compared with non-Bt or Cry1F hybrids.
- Treatment
- Vip3A × Cry1Ab evente0
- Interactor
- S. albicostaStriacosta albicostae0pest
- Outcome
- incidence of S. albicosta injurye1
- Direction
- superiore0
- Comparator
- non-Bt or Cry1F hybridse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Vip3A × Cry1Ab event provided superior protection from the incidence and severity of S. albicosta injury compared to non-Bt or Cry1F hybrids.”
e1“Incidence of S. albicosta injury was more important than severity of injury for DON accumulation”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The Vip3A × Cry1Ab event gave superior protection against cutworm injury severity compared with non-Bt or Cry1F hybrids.
- Treatment
- Vip3A × Cry1Ab evente0
- Interactor
- S. albicostaStriacosta albicostae0pest
- Outcome
- severity of S. albicosta injurye0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Comparator
- non-Bt or Cry1F hybridse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Vip3A × Cry1Ab event provided superior protection from the incidence and severity of S. albicosta injury compared to non-Bt or Cry1F hybrids.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Insecticide on Vip3A × Cry1Ab hybrids did not further reduce cutworm injury.
- Treatment
- Insecticide applicatione0
- Interactor
- Striacosta albicostaStriacosta albicostat0pest
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- did not reducee0
- Comparator
- Vip3A × Cry1Ab hybride0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Insecticide application to a Vip3A × Cry1Ab hybrid did not reduce injury further”
t0“Maize Associated With Striacosta albicosta”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyrethroids applied at early VT or R1 lowered cutworm injury severity in non-Bt hybrids.
- Material
- non-Bte0
- Treatment
- pyrethroidse0
- Interactor
- Striacosta albicostaStriacosta albicostat0pest
- Outcome
- severity of injurye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- early VT or R1 stagese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower severity of injury was observed for non-Bt and Cry1F hybrids when pyrethroids or diamides were applied at early VT or R1 stages”
t0“Maize Associated With Striacosta albicosta”
Claim · model-written summary
Diamides applied at early VT or R1 lowered cutworm injury severity in Cry1F hybrids.
- Material
- Cry1Fe0
- Treatment
- diamidese0
- Interactor
- Striacosta albicostaStriacosta albicostat0pest
- Outcome
- severity of injurye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- early VT or R1 stagese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower severity of injury was observed for non-Bt and Cry1F hybrids when pyrethroids or diamides were applied at early VT or R1 stages”
t0“Maize Associated With Striacosta albicosta”
Claim · model-written summary
A late VT prothioconazole and insecticide tank mix reduced DON concentration.
- Treatment
- prothioconazole fungicide tank-mixed with insecticidee0
- Outcome
- DON concentrationse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- late VT (before silk browning)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DON concentrations were reduced with application of prothioconazole fungicide tank-mixed with insecticide at late VT (before silk browning)”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Early VT insecticide followed by R1 prothioconazole reduced DON concentration.
- Treatment
- insecticide was applied at early VT followed by prothioconazole at R1e0
- Outcome
- DON concentrationse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DON concentrations were reduced with application of prothioconazole fungicide tank-mixed with insecticide at late VT (before silk browning) or when insecticide was applied at early VT followed by prothioconazole at R1”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend insecticide and fungicide tank mixing for hybrids lacking strong cutworm protection and fungal tolerance.
- Treatment
- insecticide/fungicide tank-mixe0
- Interactor
- S. albicostaStriacosta albicostae0pest
- Second interactor
- F. graminearumFusarium graminearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- most efficient approache0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of an insecticide/fungicide tank-mix is the most efficient approach for maize hybrids lacking high-dose insecticidal proteins against S. albicosta and F. graminearum tolerance.”
The same questions in other papers
prothioconazole · disease · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
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- positive
- positive
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13 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
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See all 21 papers →fungicide · disease · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
52 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- no effect
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See all 63 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.