Abstract
Crop productivity in cold waterlogged paddy fields can be constrained by chronic flooding stress and low temperature. Farmers typically use chemical fertilizer to improve crop production, but this conventional fertilization is not very effective in a cold waterlogged paddy field. Biochar amendment has been proposed as a promising management approach to eliminating these obstacles. However, little is known about the performance of biochar when combined with N fertilizer and P fertilizer in cold waterlogged soils. The aim of this study was, therefore, to assess the main effects and interactive effects of rice straw biochar, N and P fertilizer on rice growth and soil properties in a cold waterlogged paddy field. The field treatments consisted of a factorial combination of two biochar levels (0 and 2.25 t ha−1), two N fertilizer levels (120.0 and 180.0 kg ha−1) and two P fertilizer levels (37.5 and 67.5 kg ha−1) which were arranged in a randomized block design, with three replicates. Results confirmed that biochar application caused a significant increase in the soil pH due to its liming effect, while this application resulted in a significant decrease in soil exchangeable cations, such as exchangeable Ca, Mg, Al and base cations. The interactive effect of N fertilizer, P fertilizer and biochar was significant for soil total N. Moreover, a negative effect of biochar on the internal K use efficiency suggested that K uptake into rice may benefit from biochar application. According to the partial Eta squared values, the combined application of N fertilizer and biochar was as effective as pure P fertilization at increasing straw P uptake. The addition of biochar to farmers’ fertilization practice treatment (180.0 kg N ha−1, 67.5 kg P2O5 ha−1 and 67.5 kg K2O ha−1) significantly increased rice yield, mainly owing to improvements in grains per panicle. However, notable effects of biochar on rice yield and biomass production were not detected. More studies are required to assess the long-term behavior of biochar in a cold waterlogged paddy field. This study may lay a theoretical foundation for blended application of biochar with fertilizer in a cold waterlogged paddy field.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar application significantly increased soil pH through its liming effect.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- biochar applicatione1
- Outcome
- soil pHe1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Setting
- cold waterlogged paddy fieldt0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“biochar application caused a significant increase in the soil pH due to its liming effect”
t0“Rice Yield and Soil Properties in a Cold Waterlogged Paddy Field”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar application significantly decreased soil exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, Al and base cations).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- biochar applicatione2
- Outcome
- soil exchangeable cationse2
- Direction
- decreasee2
- Setting
- cold waterlogged paddy fieldt0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“biochar application caused a significant increase in the soil pH due to its liming effect, while this application resulted in a significant decrease in soil exchangeable cations, such as exchangeable Ca, Mg, Al and base cations”
t0“Rice Yield and Soil Properties in a Cold Waterlogged Paddy Field”
Claim · model-written summary
The interactive effect of N fertilizer, P fertilizer and biochar was significant for soil total N.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N fertilizer, P fertilizer and biochare3
- Outcome
- soil total Ne3
- Setting
- cold waterlogged paddy fieldt0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The interactive effect of N fertilizer, P fertilizer and biochar was significant for soil total N”
t0“Rice Yield and Soil Properties in a Cold Waterlogged Paddy Field”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar lowered the internal K use efficiency of rice, which the authors read as a sign that K uptake may benefit from biochar.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- biochare4
- Outcome
- internal K use efficiencye4
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede4
- Setting
- cold waterlogged paddy fieldt0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“a negative effect of biochar on the internal K use efficiency suggested that K uptake into rice may benefit from biochar application”
t0“Rice Yield and Soil Properties in a Cold Waterlogged Paddy Field”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined N fertilizer and biochar was as effective as pure P fertilization at increasing straw P uptake.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined application of N fertilizer and biochare5
- Outcome
- straw P uptakee5
- Direction
- increasinge5
- Comparator
- pure P fertilizatione5
- Setting
- cold waterlogged paddy fieldt0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“the combined application of N fertilizer and biochar was as effective as pure P fertilization at increasing straw P uptake”
t0“Rice Yield and Soil Properties in a Cold Waterlogged Paddy Field”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding biochar to the farmers’ fertilization practice significantly increased rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- addition of biochare6
- Outcome
- rice yielde6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Comparator
- farmers’ fertilization practice treatmente6
- Setting
- cold waterlogged paddy fieldt0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The addition of biochar to farmers’ fertilization practice treatment (180.0 kg N ha−1, 67.5 kg P2O5 ha−1 and 67.5 kg K2O ha−1) significantly increased rice yield”
t0“Rice Yield and Soil Properties in a Cold Waterlogged Paddy Field”
Claim · model-written summary
The rice yield increase from biochar was mainly owing to more grains per panicle.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- addition of biochare6
- Outcome
- rice yielde6
- Qualifier
- improvements in grains per paniclee7
- Setting
- cold waterlogged paddy fieldt0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The addition of biochar to farmers’ fertilization practice treatment (180.0 kg N ha−1, 67.5 kg P2O5 ha−1 and 67.5 kg K2O ha−1) significantly increased rice yield”
e7“mainly owing to improvements in grains per panicle”
t0“Rice Yield and Soil Properties in a Cold Waterlogged Paddy Field”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar had no notable effect on rice yield or biomass production.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- biochare1
- Outcome
- rice yield and biomass productione1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
- Setting
- cold waterlogged paddy fieldt0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“notable effects of biochar on rice yield and biomass production were not detected”
t0“Rice Yield and Soil Properties in a Cold Waterlogged Paddy Field”
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