Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 201415 and 201516 at New Delhi, to evaluate the effects of cropping systems and nutrient sources on yield attributes, yields and economics of wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol]. Of the tested cropping systems, direct-seeded basmati rice (DSBR) (Oryza sativa L.)wheatmungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] system exhibited the highest values of yield at- tributes, viz. effective tillers, grains/spike and 1,000-seed weight which led to the highest grain yield (4.44 t/ha) and wheat equivalent yield (WEY) (11.7 t/ha). Among the nutrient sources, application of 50% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) + 25% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through vermicompost (VC) + bio-fertilizer re- sulted in the highest yield attributes, grain (4.76 t/ha) and straw (6.86 t/ha) yields and gross returns (105.07 103 /ha) followed by 50% RDF + 25% RDN through leaf compost (LC) + bio-fertilizer. A strong positive correlation (r2 = 0.690.97) was also observed between yield attributes (effective tillers/m2 and grains/spike) and yield of wheat. The uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in grain and straw of wheat remained statistically identical in DSBRwheatfallow and DSBRwheatmungbean systems. Application of 50% RDF + 25% RDN-VC + bio-fertilizer registered significantly the highest uptake of N, P and K in both grain and straw of wheat and found on a par with 50% RDF + 25% RDN-LC + bio-fertilizer and 100% RDF. On the basis of net returns an application of 100% RDF was found superior to all the treatments. Therefore, DSBRwheatmungbean cropping system in conjunction with 50% RDF + 25% RDN-VC + bio-fertilizer or 50% RDF + 25% RDN-LC + bio-fertilizer significantly improved the yield attributes, leading to higher productivity and profitability of wheat over the control.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
The direct-seeded basmati rice-wheat-mungbean system gave the highest yield attributes of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- direct-seeded basmati rice (DSBR) (Oryza sativa L.)wheatmungbeane1
- Outcome
- effective tillers, grains/spike and 1,000-seed weighte2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Comparator
- the tested cropping systemse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economics of wheat”
e1“direct-seeded basmati rice (DSBR) (Oryza sativa L.)wheatmungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] system”
e2“effective tillers, grains/spike and 1,000-seed weight which led to the highest grain yield (4.44 t/ha) and wheat equivalent yield (WEY) (11.7 t/ha)”
e3“Of the tested cropping systems”
Claim · model-written summary
The direct-seeded basmati rice-wheat-mungbean system gave the highest wheat grain yield, 4.44 t/ha.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- direct-seeded basmati rice (DSBR) (Oryza sativa L.)wheatmungbeane1
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 4.44 t/hae2
- Comparator
- the tested cropping systemse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economics of wheat”
e1“direct-seeded basmati rice (DSBR) (Oryza sativa L.)wheatmungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] system”
e2“effective tillers, grains/spike and 1,000-seed weight which led to the highest grain yield (4.44 t/ha) and wheat equivalent yield (WEY) (11.7 t/ha)”
e3“Of the tested cropping systems”
Claim · model-written summary
The direct-seeded basmati rice-wheat-mungbean system gave a higher wheat equivalent yield, 11.7 t/ha.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- direct-seeded basmati rice (DSBR) (Oryza sativa L.)wheatmungbeane1
- Outcome
- wheat equivalent yield (WEY)e2
- Direction
- higherinferrede2
- Value
- 11.7 t/hae2
- Comparator
- the tested cropping systemse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economics of wheat”
e1“direct-seeded basmati rice (DSBR) (Oryza sativa L.)wheatmungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] system”
e2“effective tillers, grains/spike and 1,000-seed weight which led to the highest grain yield (4.44 t/ha) and wheat equivalent yield (WEY) (11.7 t/ha)”
e3“Of the tested cropping systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer 50% RDF + 25% RDN as vermicompost plus bio-fertilizer gave the highest wheat grain yield, 4.76 t/ha.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 50% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) + 25% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through vermicompost (VC) + bio-fertilizere5
- Outcome
- graine4
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 4.76 t/hae4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economics of wheat”
e4“grain (4.76 t/ha) and straw (6.86 t/ha) yields and gross returns (105.07 103 /ha)”
e5“50% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) + 25% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through vermicompost (VC) + bio-fertilizer”
e6“the highest yield attributes”
Claim · model-written summary
The same vermicompost plus bio-fertilizer treatment gave the highest wheat straw yield, 6.86 t/ha.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 50% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) + 25% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through vermicompost (VC) + bio-fertilizere5
- Outcome
- strawe4
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 6.86 t/hae4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economics of wheat”
e4“grain (4.76 t/ha) and straw (6.86 t/ha) yields and gross returns (105.07 103 /ha)”
e5“50% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) + 25% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through vermicompost (VC) + bio-fertilizer”
e6“the highest yield attributes”
Claim · model-written summary
The same vermicompost plus bio-fertilizer treatment gave higher gross returns, 105.07 (10^3)/ha.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 50% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) + 25% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through vermicompost (VC) + bio-fertilizere5
- Outcome
- gross returnse4
- Direction
- higherinferrede6
- Value
- 105.07 103 /hae4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economics of wheat”
e4“grain (4.76 t/ha) and straw (6.86 t/ha) yields and gross returns (105.07 103 /ha)”
e5“50% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) + 25% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through vermicompost (VC) + bio-fertilizer”
e6“the highest yield attributes”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield attributes were strongly and positively correlated with wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- yield attributese7
- Outcome
- yield of wheate7
- Direction
- positive correlatione7
- Value
- r2 = 0.690.97e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economics of wheat”
e7“A strong positive correlation (r2 = 0.690.97) was also observed between yield attributes (effective tillers/m2 and grains/spike) and yield of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake in wheat grain and straw was statistically identical between the two rice-wheat systems.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- grain and strawe7
- Outcome
- uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K)e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economics of wheat”
e7“The uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in grain and straw of wheat remained statistically identical”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer 50% RDF + 25% RDN as vermicompost plus bio-fertilizer gave significantly the highest N, P and K uptake in wheat grain and straw.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- grain and strawe7
- Treatment
- 50% RDF + 25% RDN-VC + bio-fertilizere7
- Outcome
- uptake of N, P and Ke7
- Direction
- higheste7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economics of wheat”
e7“Application of 50% RDF + 25% RDN-VC + bio-fertilizer registered significantly the highest uptake of N, P and K in both grain and straw of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Full recommended dose 100% RDF gave the highest net returns, superior to all other treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 100% RDFe7
- Outcome
- net returnse7
- Direction
- superiore7
- Comparator
- all the treatmentse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economics of wheat”
e7“On the basis of net returns an application of 100% RDF was found superior to all the treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The rice-wheat-mungbean system with 50% RDF + 25% RDN-VC + bio-fertilizer significantly improved wheat yield attributes over the control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 50% RDF + 25% RDN-VC + bio-fertilizere5
- Outcome
- yield attributese6
- Direction
- improvede6
- Comparator
- the controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economics of wheat”
e6“significantly improved the yield attributes, leading to higher productivity and profitability of wheat over the control”
e5“in conjunction with 50% RDF + 25% RDN-VC + bio-fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
The rice-wheat-mungbean system with 50% RDF + 25% RDN-VC + bio-fertilizer gave higher wheat productivity and profitability than the control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 50% RDF + 25% RDN-VC + bio-fertilizere5
- Outcome
- productivity and profitability of wheate6
- Direction
- highere6
- Comparator
- the controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economics of wheat”
e6“significantly improved the yield attributes, leading to higher productivity and profitability of wheat over the control”
e5“in conjunction with 50% RDF + 25% RDN-VC + bio-fertilizer”
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